Transition to emerging adulthood during the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in anxiety and the role of inclusion/exclusion experiences

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Variable	Scale	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1 During-pandemic anxiety	1–4	1.80	0.77		.36	.22	.14	.29	−.54	−.21
2 Pre-pandemic anxiety	1–4	1.68	0.71			.19	.36	.30	−.26	.02
3 Peer victimization history	1–4	1.48	0.51				.16	.19	−.11	−.20
4 Pre-pandemic loneliness	1–4	1.55	0.49						−.33	.03
5 Pandemic disruptions	0–1	0.69	0.46						−.13	−.02
6 Experiences of social inclusion	1–5	3.89	0.70							.11
7 Living with parents	0–1	0.80	0.40

Note. Statistically significant correlations (p < .05) written in bold. Results for observed variables.

Table 2. Results of the LCS Models: Regression of Mean Change of Anxiety (GAD-7) on Pandemic disruptions (Model 1), Pre-pandemic vulnerability factors (Model 2), and During-pandemic protective factors (Model 3), Controlling for Demographic Factors.

			Pre-pandemic Anxiety		During-pandemic Anxiety		Anxiety Latent Change
			B (SE)	Std. β	B (SE)	Std. β	B (SE)	Std. β
Model 1: Demographics and pandemic disruptions (χ2 = 230(138), CFI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.049, SRMR = 0.058)
		Gender (0 = male, 1 = female)	0.45 (0.09)	0.27	0.52 (0.10)	0.30	0.10 (0.12)	0.05
		Age	−0.06 (0.10)	−0.03	−0.10 (0.14)	−0.04	−0.07 (0.16)	−0.03
		School type (0 = vocat., 1 = high)	0.24 (0.12)	0.13	−0.14 (0.13)	−0.07	−0.40 (0.17)	−0.19
		Maternal education level	−0.01 (0.06)	−0.01	0.10 (0.06)	0.11	0.10 (0.08)	0.11
		Pandemic disruptions	0.24 (0.09)	0.14	0.22 (0.10)	0.13	−0.01 (0.13)	−0.01
		r^2		0.14		0.13		0.03
Model 2: Demographics and pre-pandemic vulnerability factors (χ2 = 612(413), CFI = 0.927, RMSEA = 0.041, SRMR = 0.074)
		Peer victimization history	0.10 (0.05)	0.14	0.13 (0.05)	0.16	0.03 (0.07)	0.03
		Pre-pandemic loneliness	0.68 (0.13)	0.40	0.31 (0.12)	0.17	−0.38 (0.15)	−0.19
		r^2		0.30		0.18		0.07
Model 3: Demographics, pre-pandemic vulnerability and during-pandemic protective factors (χ2 = 1156(784), CFI = 0.913, RMSEA = 0.041, SRMR = 0.074)
		Peer victimization history	0.11 (0.05)	0.15	0.10 (0.04)	0.13	−0.01 (0.06)	−0.01
		Pre-pandemic loneliness	0.63 (0.13)	0.37	−0.04 (0.10)	−0.02	−0.67 (0.15)	−0.35
		Experiences of Social Inclusion	−0.11 (0.10)	−0.09	−0.82 (0.14)	−0.61	−0.71 (0.16)	−0.48
		Living with parents	0.11 (0.10)	0.06	−0.29 (0.12)	−0.15	−0.40 (0.13)	−0.18
		r^2		0.29		0.47		0.29

Note. Statistically significant results (p < .05) written in bold. All models controlled for demographic factors.

Std. β = standardized slope.

Supplementary material for: Transition to Emerging Adulthood during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes in Anxiety and the Role of Inclusion/Exclusion Experiences

Data availability statement

Data is available from the first author upon request.