Psychometric evaluation and measurement equivalence of the Adolescents’ Societal Belongingness Scale (ASBS)

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary descriptive statistics, factor loadings, and ICCs for the items of the Adolescents’ Societal Belongingness Scale (ASBS).

Item	Standardized factor loading	ICCs	M	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis
1. I feel that I belong to Swedish society	.76	.033	4.20	0.97	−1.28	1.42
2. I feel that I am an outsider here in Sweden (Reversed)	.45	.026	4.21	1.05	−1.37	1.28
3. I think that I am part of Swedish society	.91	.029	4.17	0.96	−1.15	1.00
4. I feel that I am connected to Swedish society	.75	.050	3.93	1.09	−0.82	−0.07
5. I feel appreciated in Swedish society	.74	.037	3.97	1.04	−0.95	0.48

Table 2. Results from CFA and Measurement Invariance (MI) models testing invariance of the Adolescents’ Societal Belongingness Scale (ASBS) across immigrant background.

	χ^2 (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA [90% CI]	SRMR
CFA in full sample	13.99* (4)	.990	0.980	.050 [.023, .080]	.016
MI models across immigrant background, mixed-heritage, Swedish background
	χ^2 (df)	CFI	TLI	RMSEA [90% CI]	SRMR	Δχ^2(df)	p	ΔCFI	ΔRMSEA	ΔSRMR
Configural invariance	32.27*** (12)	.977	0.943	.072 [.042, .102]	.022
Metric invariance	44.85*** (20)	.972	0.958	.062 [.037, .086]	.065	13.53 (8)	.095	.005	.010	.043
Scalar invariance	56.21*** (28)	.968	0.966	.055 [.034, .076]	.071	10.12 (8)	.267	.008	.007	.006

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 3. Differences in Adolescents’ Societal Belongingness Scale (ASBS) scores across subgroups.

	M (SD)	F/t-test^1 (df)	p	η^2/Cohen’s d
Background differences		82.21 (2, 970)	<.001	.15
Immigrant background	3.58^a (0.87)
Mixed heritage	4.07^b (0.69)
Swedish background	4.31^c (0.69)
Generation differences		3.18 (245)	.002	.41
Immigrants born abroad	3.42 (0.83)
Immigrants born in Sweden	3.77 (0.89)

^aDifferent superscripts refer to statistically significant differences between the groups based on Bonferroni post-hoc test.

^bF-test was used to compare means for groups with three levels and independent samples t-test was used to compare means with two levels.

Table 4. Bivariate correlations of the societal belongingness scale scores with class belonging, social trust, depressive symptoms, and delinquency for the full sample and subgroups.

		Immigration background
	Full sample	Immigrant	Mixed-heritage	Swedish
Class belonging	.40***	.40***	.43***	.42***
Social Trust	.39***	.33***	.45***	.40***
Depressive symptoms	−.27***	−.21**	−.27***	−.34***
Delinquency	−.23***	−.15*	−.31***	−.22***

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Note: None of the correlation coefficients across the groups were significantly different from each other in magnitude.