Construct validity of the Coding Interactive Behaviour instrument for fathers of infants

Figures & data

Table 1. Sample characteristics (N = 320).

	n	%
Child sex
Male	169	52.8
Female	151	47.2
Paternal relationship status
Single	2	0.6
In a relationship	304	95.0
Paternal educational level
9–12 years (ISCED level 3)	65	20.3
15 years (ISCED levels 4, 5, 6)	108	33.8
17 years (ISCED level 7, 8)	125	39.1
Paternal employment status
Unemployed	54	16.9
Employed	251	78.4
	M	SD
Child age, months	2.63	0.90

Table 2. Fit of the CFA models on fathers of infants (N_{model 1} = 320, N_{model 2} = 163).

	χ2	χ2/df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	SRMR	AIC	BIC
Model 1	2258.02	5.66	.77	.75	.12	.11	18419.98	18668.48
Model 1a	1793.83	4.82	.83	.80	.11	.10	17957.84	18308.00
Model 2	1651.57	4.11	.72	.70	.14	.12	9657.20	9851.72
Model 2a	836.88	2.33	.90	.87	.09	.10	8887.62	9214.91

Note. CFI = Comparative Fit Indices, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, AIC = Akaike Information Criteria, BIC = Bayesian Information Criteria.

Model 1 = maternal-based model, Model 1a = maternal-based model with error correlations, Model 2 = paternal data-driven model, Model 2a = paternal data-driven model with error correlations.

Figure 1. Scree plot.

Table 3. Factor loadings on the 3-factor EFA paternal model.

	Factor 1, ‘Paternal Sensitivity’	Factor 2, ‘Child Engagement’	Factor 3, ‘Paternal Positive Affect’
P Overriding – Intrusiveness	−.95
Parent-led	−.94
Child-led	.73
D Adaptation Regulation	.72		.33
P Acknowledging	.68		.32
P Consistency of Style	.68		.30
P Forcing	−.54
P Supportive Pressence	.54		.44
P Resourcefulness	.48		.44
P Affectionate Touch	.35
C Alert		.85
D Reciprocity		.84
D Fluency		.75
C Positive Affect		.72
C Vocalization		.71
D Constriction		−.70	−.36
C Withdrawal		−.68
C Initiation		.63
C Fatigue		−.57
C Gaze		.56
P Imitating		.50
C Negative Emotionality		−.34
P Elaborating		.33
P Positive Affect			.86
P Enthusiasm			.81
P Depressed Mood			−.80
D Tension			−.63
P Vocal Appropriateness			.61
P Appropriate Range of Affect	.45		.55
P Anxiety			−.44

Note. N = 157. Bold shows strongest loadings. p = parent codes. C = Child codes. D = dyadic codes.

Table 4. Correlated errors in the confirmatory factor analysis (paternal model). p = parent codes, C = child codes, D = dyadic codes.

P Overriding – Intrusiveness	P Depressed Mood
	P Enthusiasm
	P Consistency of Style
	Parent-led
	P Appropriate Range of Affect
	P Forcing
	D Adaptation Regulation
	P Positive Affect
	P Resourcefulness
C Alert	C Fatigue
	P Positive Affect
	C Negative Emotionality
	P Supportive Pressence
	P Anxiety
	P Imitating
	P Elaborating
Parent-led	Child-led
	P Enthusiasm
	P Depressed Mood
	P Appropriate Range of Affect
P Positive Affect	P Enthusiasm
	C Vocalisation
	P Appropriate Range of Affect
	C Initiation
P Depressed Mood	P Appropriate Range of Affect
	P Consistency of Style
	P Positive Affect
	P Enthusiasm
D Tension	P Anxiety
	P Depressed Mood
	C Withdrawal
C Initiation	C Vocalisation
	D Constriction
P Imitating	P Elaborating
	P Acknowledging
P Consistency of Style	P Forcing
	D Fluency
P Appropriate Range of Affect	P Enthusiasm
	D Adaptation Regulation
D Constriction	C Vocalization
	C Withdrawal
P Forcing	P Resourcefulness
C Withdrawal	C Fatigue

Table

Parent composites:
Parental sensitivity (10 items)	Acknowledging, Imitating, Elaborating, Parent Gaze, Positive Affect, Vocal Appropriateness, Appropriate Range of Affect, Resourcefulness, Affectionate Touch, and Parent Supportive Presence
Parental intrusiveness (5 items)	Overriding, Forcing, Parent Negative Affect/Anger, Hostility, and Parent Anxiety
Child composites
Child involvement (6 items)	Child Initiation, Child Gaze, Child Positive Affect, Alert, Fatigue (reversed), and Child Vocalization
Child withdrawal (2 items)	Negative Emotionality and Withdrawal
Dyadic composites
Dyadic reciprocity (3 items)	Reciprocity, Adaptation-Regulation, and Fluency
Dyadic negative states (2 items)	Constriction and Tension

Table

Parent composites:
Maternal sensitivity (9 items)	Adaptation Regulation, Resourcefulness, Consistency of Style, Parent Supportive Presence, Overriding (reversed), Acknowledging, Appropriate Range of Affect, Anxiety (reversed), Tension (reversed)
Maternal social withdrawal (5 items)	Parent Depressed Mood, Parent Positive Affect (reversed), Enthusiasm (reversed), Vocal Appropriateness (reversed), Parent Gaze (reversed)
Maternal controlling behaviour (3 items)	Parent-led, Child-led (reversed), Forcing
Child composites
Child engagement (13 items)	Reciprocity, Child Positive Affect, Child Gaze, Constriction (reversed), Alert, Initiation, Fluency, Child Vocalization, Withdrawal (reversed), Imitating, Negative Emotionality (reversed), Elaborating, Fatigue (reversed)

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.