The influence of online physical activity interventions on children and young people’s engagement with physical activity: a systematic review

Figures & data

Table 1. Outcomes Assessed Across Four Learning Domains

Learning Domain	Example Outcomes
Physical Movement behaviours	Physiological (e.g. heart rate, endurance performance, muscle strength); Metabolic (e.g. BMI*, weight); Behavioural (time spent exercising, sedentary time); Fundamental movement skills (i.e. throwing, catching, skill improvement)
Cognitive Intellect or mental abilities	Health/Physical Activity Knowledge (how to engage with physical activity, importance/guidelines); Strategies, tactics, decision making
Social Communicative behaviours	Individual (listening, communicating, leadership, responsibility); Group (cooperative, collaborative, teamwork)
Affective Feelings and emotions	External (care, concern, respect, empathy for others); Internal (motivation, confidence, self-esteem, self-worth, attitudes); mental health/mental wellbeing (anxiety, depression, feelings)

*BMI=Body Mass Index;

Figure 1. PRISMA-P flow diagram

Table 2. Criteria for the Assessment of the Level of Evidence

Level 1 (High)	Level 2 (Moderate)	Level 3 (Low)
A control group was used	Pre-/post and/or repeated measures design was used	Post-test only OR cross-sectional design was used
A pre-/post- or repeated measures design was used	A control or comparison group may have been used, but was not required	Case studies (individual or very small cohort)
Groups were randomised	Groups were not required to be randomised	Uncontrolled study
Example: Randomised Control Trial	A retrospective design may have been used	A retrospective design may have been used
	Examples: Cohort, Case-Control, Time series studies	Example: Cross-sectional study

*Developed from (Smith et al. 2018)

Figure 2. The level and quality of evidence of included studies.

Smith, Brett, Nathalie Kirby, Bethany Skinner, Leanne Whightman, Rebekah Lucas, and Charlie Foster. 2018. “Physical Activity for General Health Benefits in Disabled Adults: Summary of a Rapid Evidence Review for the UK Chief Medical Officers’ Update of the Physical Activity Guidelines.” England: Public Health England. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/748126/Physical_activity_for_general_health_benefits_in_disabled_adults.pdf.

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