Early childhood physical activity parenting and sport club participation as predictors of perceived motor competence – a three-year longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, reliability coefficients) about children related factors in time point 1 (T1) and time point 2 (T2).

		N (T1–T2)	MEAN all participants (SD)		Internal consistency ɑ		MEAN girls (SD)		MEAN boys (SD)
			T1 (SD) min–max	T2 (SD) min–max	T1	T2	T1 (SD) min–max	T2 (SD) min–max	T1 (SD) min–max	T2 (SD) min–max
Age		259	6.27 (0.67) 4.85–7.80	9.45 (0.79) 7.67–11.44			6.22 (0.67) 4.85–7.29	9.40 (0.78) 7.90–11.44	6.32 (0.67) 4.89–7.80	9.49 (0.79) 7.67–11.23
PMC	locomotor skills (0–24 points)	259	19.94 (3.23)* 11– 24	19.49 (2.82)* 12–24	0.646	0.626	20.36 (2.96) 12–24	19.53 (2,66) 12– 24	19.53 (3.44) 11–24	19.45 (2.98) 12–24
	ball skills (0–28 points)		22.44 (4.36)** 7–28	22.10 (3.90)** 9.00–28.00	0.778	0.811	21.71 (4.75) 7–28	20.69 (3.76) 9–28	23.17 (3.80) 9–28	23.50 (3.53) 13–28
	total score (0–52 points)		42.38 (6.76) 20–52	41.59 (6.04) 23–52	0.819	0.832	42.06 (7.02) 22–52	40.22 (6.01) 23–52	42.70 (6.50) 20–52	42.95 (5.78) 27–52
T1 BMI SDS		259	3.21 (0.63) 1–5				3.16 (0.65) 1–5		3.27 (0.59) 1–5
T1 AMC	locomotor skills (0–46 points)	259	30.87 (6.41)** 9–43		0.585		32.06 (5.84) 14–43		29.69 (6.75) 9–43
	ball skills (0–54 points)		29.32 (7.94)*** 9–49		0.697		26.53 (7.19) 10–44		32.08 (7.69) 9–49
	total score (0–100 points)		60.19 (12.24)* 18–88		0.748		58.60 (11.37) 33–86		61.78 (12.89) 18–88
T1 Access to electronic devices	sum of accessible devices	259	0.69 (1.02) 0–5		0.592		0.57 (0.86) 0–4		0.81 (1.14) 0–5

Note: Values are reported as mean scores or percentages (%). Standard deviation is marked in parentheses (SD).

The results are rounded to two decimal places.

Statistically significant gender differences are reported as * = p < .050, ** = p < .010 and *** = p < .001.

PMC = Perceived motor competence, AMC = actual motor competence & BMI SDS = Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score.

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of children´s sport club participation at T1.

T1 Sport club participation N (%)								Girls sport club participation N (%)	Boys sport club participation N (%)
T1 Sport club participation	1 sport	101 (39%)						50 (38.8%)	51 (39.2%)
	2 or more sports	59 (22.8%)						33 (25.6%)	26 (20.0%)
	(%) Don´t participate	99 (38.2%)						46 (35.7%)	53 (40.8%)
T1 SCPball	1 ball sport	44 (17.0%)						12 (9.3%)	32 (24.6%)
	2 or more ball sport	9 (3.5%)						2 (1.6%)	7 (5.4%)
	Don´t participate	206 (79.5%)						115 (89.1%)	91 (70.0%)
T1 SCPlocomotor	1 locomotor sport	87 (33.6%)						50 (38.8%)	37 (28.5%)
	2 or more locomotor sports	42 (16.2%)						29 (22.5%)	13 (10.0%)
	Don´t participate	130 (50.2%)						50 (38.8%)	80 (61.5%)

Note: The results are rounded to one decimal places.

SCP = Sport club participation.

Table 3. Linear regression models predicting girls’ T2 PMC (total, locomotor, and ball skills).

	T2 PMC total				T2 PMC – locomotor skills				T2 PMC – ball skills
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6
	SCP divided		SCPsum		SCP divided		SCPsum		SCP divided		SCPsum
Variables	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	UnstrdB	P	Unstrd. B	P
T1 PMC (Total/locomotor/ball)	0.274	0.000	0.280	0.000	0.265	0.001	0.266	0.001	0.195	0.005	0.206	0.003
T1 PAP	1.795	0.003	1.273	0.038	1.037	0.000	0.837	0.003	0.834	0.034	0.515	0.187
T1SCPsum (one participated sport)			−1.863	0.102			−0.828	0.110			−0.894	0.226
T1 SCPsum (two or more sports)			1.456	0.289			0.402	0.511			1.311	0.138
T1 SCPball (one ball sport)	4.491	0.013			1.770	0.025			3.025	0.012
T1 SCPball (two or more ball sports)	−9.260	0.018			−4.869	0.006			−3.782	0.135
T1 SCPlocomotor (one locomotor sport)	−2.318	0.083			−0.913	0.129			−1.365	0.119
T1 SCPlocomotor (two or more locomotor sports)	−1.266	0.309			−0.520	0,357			−0.507	0.532
T1 AMC (total/locomotor/ball)	0.087	0.061	0.070	0.138	0.042	0.282	0.019	0.628	0.082	0.091	0.079	0.106
T1 child age	1.066	0.176	0.797	0.307	0.440	0.192	0.343	0.313	0.744	0.155	0.490	0.332
Test interval	−3.392	0.021	−2.694	0.070	−1.808	0.007	−1.456	0.031	−1.475	0.123	−1.109	0.245
T1 child BMI	−0.101	0.894	−0.058	0.940	0.158	0.638	0.180	0.602	−0.137	0.783	−0.107	0.830
T1 Access to electronic device	0.581	0.581	−0.020	0.972	−0.267	0.300	−0.143	0.578	−0.032	0.931	0.119	0.746
T1 parents’ education mean	−0.134	0.851	0.127	0.854	−0.107	0.735	0.004	0.991	−0.174	0.708	0.015	0.973
Adjusted R square	0.253		0.284		0.309		0.258		0.262		0.241

Note: Statistically significant results are bolded, and the significance level is set at p < .05.

PMC = Perceived Motor Competence, PAP = Physical Activity Parenting, SCP = Sport Club Participation & AMC = Actual Motor Competence.

Table 4. Linear regression models predicting boys´ T2 PMC (total, locomotor, and ball skills).

	T2 PMC total				T2 PMC – locomotor skills				T2 PMC – ball skills
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6
	SCP divided		SCPsum		SCP divided		SCPsum		SCP divided		SCPsum
Variables	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P	Unstrd. B	P
T1 PMC (Total/loco/ball)	0.169	0.035	0.169	0.031	0.161	0.038	0.186	0.014	0.186	0.026	0.170	0.040
T1 PAP	0.506	0.357	0.478	0.374	0.306	0.284	0.380	0.175	0.169	0.618	0.080	0.810
T1 SCPsum (one participated sport)			−0.805	0.456			−0.197	0.725			−0.695	0.298
T1 SCPsum (two or more sports)			0.339	0.806			0.209	0.769			0.115	0.893
T1 SCPball (one ball sport)	−0.310	0.795			0.632	0.304			−0.813	0.266
T1 SCPball (two or more ball sports)	2.212	0.317			0.832	0.462			1.445	0.290
T1 SCPlocomotor (one locomotor sport)	−0.505	0.634			−0.261	0.636			−0.250	0.701
T1 SCPlocomotor (two or more locomotor sports)	−0.063	0.966			0.461	0.550			−0.756	0.398
T1 AMC (total/loco/ball)	0.120	0.009	0.117	0.008	0.044	0.286	0.041	0.301	0.136	0.004	0.138	0.003
T1 child age	−0.958	−1.170	−0.781	0.339	−0.245	0.543	−0.109	0.785	−0.556	0.272	−0.511	0.314
Test interval	−2.496	0.074	−2.486	0.071	−1.759	0.015	−1.824	0.011	−0.755	0.376	−0.659	0.436
T1 child BMI	2.304	0.007	2.306	0.006	0.854	0.051	0.895	0.041	1.404	0.007	1.369	0.009
T1 Access to electronic device	−1.013	0.023	−0.981	0.025	−0.626	0.007	−0.577	0.012	−0.409	0.128	−0.413	0.123
T1 parents’ education mean	0.105	0.870	0.142	0.822	0.296	0.375	0.330	0.312	−0.066	−0.066	−0.101	0.798
Adjusted R square	0.231		0.227		0.226		0.214		0.221		0.207

Note: Statistically significant results are bolded, and the significance level is set at p < .05.

Perceived Motor Competence (PMC), Physical Activity Parenting, Sport Club Participation (SCP) & Actual Motor Competence (AMC).