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Abstract
The representation of Brazilian torcedores prevailing in Europe refers to the exuberance and the carnival. However, the Brazilian reality is somewhat different, although this aspect is predominant. After introducing the creation and evolution of torcidas organizadas, this paper explores the relationship between fans, the rise of violence in relation to the major cities' metropolization, the presence of violence in everyday life, the modes of thought of the police and the inefficiency of the judicial system. Finally, the paper analyses the fundamental transformation of public policies to reduce the phenomenon of violence, especially in view of the World Cup 2014.
Notes
1 CitationLuiz Henrique de Toledo, Torcidas organizadas de futebol.
2 CitationCláudio Cruz and Wilson Aquino, Acima de Tudo Rubro-Negro.
3 Persecuted for a long time, African music is upgraded at the time and incorporated into the national identity.
4 In 1927, in Rio de Janeiro, Vasco da Gama opened its São Januário stadium (60,000 people), and in 1942 it was the turn of the Pacaembu municipal stadium of São Paulo (70,000 people).
5 Bernardo Borges CitationBuarque de Holanda, ‘Etre supporteur au Brésil et en France: apparition, diffusion et dynamiques des groupes organisés de supporteurs de football’, Passages de Paris, Edition Spéciale, 2010, 20–35, www.apebfr.org/passagesdeparis and ‘Torcidas organizadas no Brasil e na França: considerações preliminares para uma comparação’, Deporte, Cultura y Comunicación, no. 69, 2009, Razón y palabra. Primeira Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación, www.razonypalabra.org.mx
6 Quoted by CitationLuiz Henrique de Toledo, Torcidas organizadas de futebol, 29.
7 CitationLuiz Henrique de Toledo, ‘A cidade das torcidas’, 124–155.
8 Pacaembu: São Paulo municipal stadium.
9 Quoted by CitationLuiz Enrique de Toledo, ‘A “guerra do Pacaembu”’, Revista USP 32 (1996–1997 dezembro-janeiro-fevereiro), 108–17.
10 CitationRodrigo R.H.F. Valverde, ‘Supporters et espace public à Rio de Janeiro’, 206–20.
11 CitationLuiz Henrique de Toledo, ‘A cidade das torcidas’, 124–155.
12 Before the current renovations for the Copa 2014.
13 ‘Brazil leads the football fans’ deaths in the last 10 years'.
14 ‘Research shows that the country occupied the third position for ten years, behind Italy and Argentina’.
15 Professor at Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro.
16 On 23 June 1968, during the match between Boca Juniors and River Plate, 71 people died, crushed and suffocated, in the tragedy known as ‘La Puerta 12’. See CitationCasabal, ‘Violencia en el fútbol argentino’.
17 Gterra, ‘Brasil lidera ranking de mortes no futebol’, Gterra, July 20, 2009, http://www.gterra.com.br. See also: Maurico Murad, A violência no futebol. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2012
18 Jean-Pierre Langellier, ‘La boîte noire de l'amnésie’, Le Monde, May 12, 2011, p. 33.
19 Paulo A. Paranagua, ‘Le Brésil tente de juguler l'explosion d'une insécurité longtemps sous-estimée’, Le Monde, 21–22 November, 2010, p. 17.
20 Le Monde, ‘Criminalité: 60 442 homicides non résolus au Brésil’, Le Monde, November 20, 2010, p. 2. (Survey in 20 of 27 federal states by the National Council of Public Prosecution.)
21 Jean-Pierre Langellier, ‘La mort au premier tournant’, Le Monde, April 14, 2011, p. 26. (98% of accidents result from human error, 88% of speeding.)
22 Paulo A. Paranagua, ‘Le Brésil tente de juguler l'explosion d'une insécurité longtemps sous-estimée’, Le Monde, November 21–22, 2010, p. 17.
23 Jean-Pierre Langellier, ‘Au palmarès mondial de l'économie, le Brésil devance désormais l'Italie’, Le Monde, March 8, 2011, p. 12.
24 Gterra, ‘Brasil lidera ranking de mortes no futebol’, Gterra, July 20, 2009, art. quoted.
25 Lei n. 10.671, de 15 de maio de 2003, ‘Dispoe sobre o Estatuto de Defesa do Torcedor e da outras provindencias’. See Leis do Esporte e Estatuto do Torcedor, 96–122.
26 Lei n. 8.078, de 11 de setembro de 1990, ‘Dispoe sobre a proteçao do consumidor e da outras providências’. See Leis do Esporte e Estatuto do Torcedor, 123–150.
27 Lei n. 9.615, de 24 de março 1998, ‘Institui normas gerais sobre desporto e da outras providências’. See Alvaro CitationMelo Filho, ‘Lei Pelé’, 203–29.
29 CitationAlfredo Euclides Dias Netto, A violência nos estádios de futebol, p. 209.
30 Ailton Alfredo de Souza, ‘Futebol, violência urbana e impunidade’, Revista do CEJ Ano I, no. 2 (2008 dezembro): 8–12.
31 Quoted in Paulo A. Paranagua, ‘Le Brésil tente de juguler l'explosion d'une insécurité longtemps sous-estimée’, Le Monde, November, 21–22 2010, p. 17.
32 Quoted in Paulo A. Paranagua, ‘Rio espère ramener la paix dans ses favelas avant le Mondial de football en 2014’, Le Monde, May, 14 2011, p. 8.
33 Quoted in Franco Baron, ‘Le côté sombre du Brésil’, El Pais, Madrid, June 14, 2011, LyonPlus, p. 18.
34 Quoted in Franco Baron, ‘Le côté sombre du Brésil’, El Pais, Madrid, June 14, 2011, LyonPlus, p. 18
35 CitationEmilio E. Dellasoppa, ‘Estrategias e racionalidade na Policia, 201–27.
36 CitationBenoni Belli, ‘Violência policial e Segurança Publica’, 17–34.
37 Damien Hazard (coordinator of the Brazilian NGO Vida Brazil), ‘Dilemmes de la démocratie participative brésilienne’, Le Monde, October 29, 2010, p. 17.