Overarching findings

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

^1. For instance, by the players and clubs.

^2. By ‘informed consent’ we mean that we provided participants with information sheets about the purpose of the research, the sorts of questions that would be asked and how we would publicize the results of their information. We also answered any questions that participants had prior to research commencing so that people were aware of what they were committing to before the research began.

^3. Breaking this confidentiality would be akin to a doctor talking to the media about a patient without the patient's consent. It would be both unethical and unprofessional.

^4. Older, more experienced players often have different programmes or other commitments and so on occasions at some clubs they were unavailable for the survey. We did, however, get many of these players to participate in an interview.

^5. While Rule 35 is primarily for the players, and that is the focus of the book, of course Collingwood President Eddie Maguire's comments came under Rule 35. We shall conduct other analyses elsewhere.

^6. Unfortunately, the audio recording for one player was of insufficient quality to be clearly audible, and so his interview was not analysed.

^7. For the technically minded, we used multiple linear regression for these analyses.

^8. For the technically minded, we use ANOVA to compare clubs, with post hoc tests to examine between which clubs the differences lie.

^9. There were some minor differences on these attributes, but due to issues of identifiability at the club level, we have not listed them here.

^10. The exponential random graph models (ERGMs) that we mentioned earlier have the capacity to delineate network self-organization effects from the effects related to the attributes of individuals within the network (known as actor-relation, or actor attribute, effects).

^11. These models were developed by Frank and Strauss 1986; Wasserman and Pattison 1996; Robins, Elliott, and Pattison 2001a, 2001b; Robins, Pattison, and Wang 2009; Snijders 2011; among others.

^12. In the field of social networks, these are commonly asked network questions, more generally too, in organizations, schools or communities, because they represent important social ties that people have.

^13. Casual or nuanced racism could be defined as a joke or an off the cuff comment not intended to offend. See Eddie McGuire story (Tim Soutphommasane opinion editorial).