Exploring the minority–majority gap in sport participation: different patterns for boys and girls?

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics for all variables used in the analysis.

	Majority boys	Minority boys	Sig	Majority girls	Minority girls	Sig	Total	(Std.dev)
Dependent variable
Participating in a sports club (%)	39.8	38.3	NS	24.5	12.4	*	29.4
Individual-level independent variables
Age	17.03	17.09	NS	17.05	17.15	*	17.06	(.91)
Socio-economic family background (0–3)	2.36	1.71	*	2.37	1.70	*	2.16	(.61)
Parental labour market status (0–2)	1.75	1.30	*	1.73	1.22	*	1.60	(.58)
Daily life impact of religion (0–3)	.47	1.51	*	.47	1.65	*	.82	(.98)
Religious affiliation
Non-religious (%)	55.8	15.5	*	47.6	12.0	*	40.2
Christianity (%)	37.2	17.1	*	47.8	17.7	*	35.3
Islam (%)	2.5	52.2	*	2.1	56.1	*	17.8
Other (%)	4.6	15.3	*	2.4	14.2	*	6.8
N=	3.240	1.338		3.490	1.676		9.774

Note:

NS = non-significant (p > 0.01).

* p < .01

Table 2. Multilevel regression analysis of participation in sports clubs among upper secondary school students in Oslo, Norway N_individuals = 9.774, N_schools = 30.

	Boys									Girls									z-test of gender differences in Model 3 estimates
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	B	Se B	Sig p	B	Se B	Sig p	B	Se B	Sig p	B	Se B	Sig p	B	Se B	Sig p	B	Se B	Sig p	z-test	Sig
Minority status (1 = minority)	.012	.075	.878	.183	.082	*	.014	.095	NS	−.700	.092	***	−.418	.099	***	−.297	.118	*	2.05	*
Age	−.259	.035	***	−.245	.035	***	−.242	.035	***	−.327	.041	***	−.317	.040	***	−.319	.040	***	1.45	NS
Socio-economic background (0–3)				.364	.066	***	.380	.065	***				.419	.080	***	.402	.080	***	0.21	NS
Parental labour market status (0–2)				.011	.067	NS	.057	.069	NS				.207	.008	**	.178	.077	*	1.17	NS
Daily life impact of religion (0–3)							.204	.045	***							.100	.054	NS	1.48	NS
Religious affiliation (ref=non-religious)
Christianity							.333	.083	***							.045	.088	NS	2.38	*
Islam							.185	.141	NS							−.501	.180	**	3.00	**
Other							−.266	.147	NS							−.189	.186	NS	.32	NS
Intercept	3.911	.613	***	2.800	.639	***	2.399	.647	***	3.633	.701	***	2.835	.726	***	2.888	.735	***	.50	NS
N individuals	4.578			4.578			4.578			5.166			5.166			5.166
N schools		30			30			30			30			30			30
Fit statistics
Log likelihood	−2938			−2920			−2885			−2453			−2428			−2420

Notes:

b: rescaled logistic regression coefficients using the ‘meresc’ command in Stata. SE: standard error.

p: significance level:

* p < .05

** p < .01

*** p < .001

NS = non-significant.