Was Glasgow 2014 inspirational? Exploring the legacy impacts of a mega-sport event via the theorized demonstration and festival effects

Figures & data

Figure 1. Glasgow district, outlining the East End Study Area (Clark et al. 2016).

Table 1. List of sporting activities (Wave 1).

Aerobics/keep fit/gymnastics/dance (for fitness)Badminton/tennisCyclingDancing (other types)Exercises (e.g. press-ups, sit-ups)Football/rugbyGym (workout)/exercise bike/weight training running/joggingSquashSwimming AthleticsAquarobics/aquafit/exercise class in waterBasketballBowls

BoxingCanoeing/kayakingClimbingCricketCurling Fishing/anglingGolfHill walking/ramblingHockeyHorse ridingIce skatingMartial arts (including Tai Chi)NetballPowerboating/jet skiing

RowingSailing/windsurfing Shinty/gaelic football Skateboarding/inline skating Snooker/billiards/poolSkiing/snowboardingSubaquaSurfing/body boardingTable tennisTenpin bowlingVolleyballWaterskiingYoga/pilatesOther

Table 2. Demographic characteristics of the longitudinal cohort at Wave 2.

	Percentage (%)	Frequency (n)
Gender
Male	38.9	161
Female	61.1	253
Age
16–29	19.1	22
30–49	30.3	118
50–64	28.8	149
65+	18.6	122
Unrecorded	3.1	3
Educational attainment*
College level qualifications	41.5	172
School qualifications or equivalent	32.1	133
None	25.6	106
Missing	0.8	3
Employment status
Full time work	26.8	111
Part time work	12.3	51
Training	0.0	0
Full time education	2.7	11
Unemployed	5.6	23
Temporarily sick	1.7	7
Long-term sick/disabled	12.8	53
Looking after home	3.4	14
Other	1.2	5
Retired	33.3	138
Not recorded	0.2	1

*College level (B Tech or diploma; advanced diploma; HNC or HND; first or higher degree), school qualifications or equivalent (school leaving cert; GCSE d–f; GCSE a–c; A levels; apprenticeship or trade; other technical/business; other qualification); or none.

Table 3. Level of physical activity and sport participation at Wave 1.

	Entire Sample		Males		Females
	%	n	%	n	%	n
Low level of physical activity	33.1	137	37.9	61	30.0	76
Moderate level of physical activity	51.0	211	46.0	74	54.2	137
High level of physical activity	15.5	64	16.1	26	15.0	38
Missing	0.5	2			0.8	2
Participated in sport	55.8	231	60.2	97	53.0	134

Table 4. Distribution of the independent variables.

Variable	Frequency (n)	Percentage (%)
Demonstration effect
Not important	152	36.7
Important	262	63.3
Total	414	100.0
Festival effect
Not important	169	40.8
Important	245	59.2
Total	414	100.0
Combined effect
Not important	204	49.3
Important	210	50.7
Total	414	100.0

Table 5. Distribution of self-reported change in sport and/or physical activity behaviour or change in attitude towards sport and/or physical activity.

	No change n (%)	Pre-contemplating Change n (%)	Contemplating Change n (%)	Change Behaviour n (%)
Overall sample	297 (71.7)	44 (10.6)	42 (10.1)	31 (7.5)
Gender
Male	113 (70.2)	18 (11.2)	14 (8.7)	16 (9.9)
Female	184 (72.7)	26 (10.3)	28 (11.1)	15 (5.9)
Age
Up to 35	44 (56.4)	14 (17.9)	8 (10.3)	12 (15.4)
36–50	53 (58.2)	11 (12.1)	16 (17.6)	11 (12.1)
51–64	111 (78.7)	10 (7.1)	13 (9.2)	7 (5.0)
65+	87 (86.1)	9 (8.9)	4 (4.0)	1 (1.0)
Unrecorded	2 (66.7)	0 (0)	1 (33.3)	0 (0)
Educational attainment*
College level qualifications	101 (58.7)	28 (16.3)	21 (12.2)	22 (12.8)
School qualifications or equivalent	99 (74.4)	10 (7.5)	18 (13.5)	6 (4.5)
None	94 (88.7)	6 (5.7)	3 (2.8)	3 (2.8)
Missing	3 (100.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Employment status
Full/part time work/training/education	98 (56.6)	26 (15.0)	26 (15.0)	23 (13.3)
Not working	34 (69.4)	6 (12.2)	8 (16.3)	1 (2.0)
Long-term sick/disabled	43 (81.1)	2 (3.8)	1 (1.9)	7 (13.2)
Retired	121 (87.7)	10 (7.2)	7 (5.1)	0 (0)
Not recorded	1 (100.0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)

*College level (B Tech or diploma; advanced diploma; HNC or HND; first or higher degree), school qualifications or equivalent (school leaving cert; GCSE d–f; GCSE a–c; A levels; apprenticeship or trade; other technical/business; other qualification); or none.

Table 6. Cross tabulations of the study outcome measure and independent variables.

	No change Level 0	Pre-contemplating change Level 1	Contemplating change Level 2	Changed behaviour Level 3	Total
Demonstration effect
Not important	122	12	8	10	152
% within demonstration effect	80.3%	7.9%	5.3%	6.6%	100.0%
% within outcome measure	41.1%	27.3%	19.0%	32.3%	36.7%
Important	175	32	34	21	262
% within demonstration effect	66.8%	12.2%	13.0%	8.0%	100.0%
% within outcome measure	58.9%	72.7%	81.0%	67.7%	63.3%
Festival effect
Not important	144	7	10	8	169
% within demonstration effect	85.2%	4.1%	5.9%	4.7%	100.0%
% within outcome measure	48.5%	15.9%	23.8%	25.8%	40.8%
Important	153	37	32	23	245
% within demonstration effect	62.4%	15.1%	13.1%	9.4%	100.0%
% within outcome measure	51.5%	84.1%	76.2%	74.2%	59.2%
Combined effect
Not important	166	15	11	12	204
% within demonstration effect	81.4%	7.4%	5.4%	5.9%	100.0%
% within outcome measure	55.9%	34.1%	26.2%	38.7%	49.3%
Important	131	29	31	19	210
% within demonstration effect	62.4%	13.8%	14.8%	9.0%	100.0%
% within outcome measure	44.1%	65.9%	73.8%	61.3%	50.7%

Table 7. Spearman’s rank correlations between attitudinal and behavioural change (outcome measure) and independent, socio-demographic and baseline variables.

Variable	Correlation coefficient	Level of significance
Age	–0.274	0.000
Gender	–0.033	0.497
Employment Status	0.304	0.000
Highest Educational attainment	0.268	0.000
Sports participation at baseline	0.190	0.000
Physical activity level at baseline	0.185	0.000
Demonstration effect	0.140	0.004
Festival effect	0.236	0.000
Combined effect	0.205	0.000

Table 8. Multinomial logistic regression.

		Std. error	Sig.	Exp(B)	95% Confidence interval for Exp(B)
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Level 1 Pre-contemplative	Intercept	1.025	0.000
	Demonstration effect (important)	0.812	0.322	20.233	0.455	10.964
	Demonstration effect (not important)
	Festival effect (important)	0.688	0.006	6.595	1.711	25.420
	Festival effect (not important)
	Combination effect (important)	0.944	0.343	0.409	0.064	2.601
	Combination effect (not important)
	Age (65+ years)	0.822	0.862	0.867	0.173	4.341
	Age (51–64 years)	0.522	0.116	0.441	0.159	1.225
	Age (36–50 years)	0.488	0.669	0.812	0.312	2.112
	Age (up to 35 years)
	Employment (working/training/education)	0.841	0.148	3.372	0.648	17.532
	Employment (not working)	0.919	0.398	2.174	.359	13.163
	Employment (retired)	0.978	0.872	1.171	.172	7.956
	Employment (long-term sick/disabled)
	Education (college level or equivalent)	0.542	0.047	2.937	1.014	8.505
	Education (school level or equivalent)	0.575	0.902	1.073	0.347	3.315
	Education (none)
	Sports participation baseline (yes)	0.418	0.079	0.479	0.211	1.089
	Sports participation baseline (no)
	Physical activity level (high)	0.586	0.964	0.974	0.309	3.069
	Physical activity level (moderate)	0.428	0.723	1.164	0.503	2.694
	Physical activity level (low)
Level 2Contemplative	Intercept	1.301	0.000
	Demonstration effect (important)	0.744	0.699	1.334	0.311	5.729
	Demonstration effect (not important)
	Festival effect (important)	1.108	0.383	0.380	0.043	3.339
	Festival effect (not important)
	Combination effect (important)	1.287	0.163	6.025	0.483	75.143
	Combination effect (not important)
	Age (65+ years)	0.902	0.654	.668	0.114	3.910
	Age (51–64 years)	0.543	0.832	1.122	0.387	3.251
	Age (36–50 years)	0.507	0.130	2.155	0.797	5.828
	Age (up to 35 years)
	Employment (working/training/education)	1.089	.099	6.021	.713	50.850
	Employment (not working)	1.134	0.105	6.285	0.681	57.997
	Employment (retired)	1.190	0.337	3.137	0.304	32.325
	Employment (long-term sick/disabled)
	Education (college level or equivalent)	0.677	0.042	3.968	1.053	14.953
	Education (school level or equivalent)	0.682	0.041	4.023	1.058	15.303
	Education (none)
	Sports participation baseline (yes)	0.428	0.903	0.949	0.410	2.197
	Sports participation baseline (no)
	Physical activity level (high)	0.633	0.462	10.593	0.461	5.502
	Physical activity level (moderate)	0.494	0.195	10.897	0.720	4.998
	Physical activity level (low)
Level 3Behaviour change	Intercept	1.060	0.001
	Demonstration effect (important)	0.913	0.720	1.386	0.232	8.294
	Demonstration effect (not important)
	Festival effect (important)	0.760	0.569	1.541	0.347	6.839
	Festival effect (not important)
	Combination effect (important)	1.130	0.766	1.399	0.153	12.809
	Combination effect (not important)
	Age (65+ years)	1.350	0.817	1.368	.097	19.264
	Age (51–64 years)	0.563	0.134	0.430	0.143	1.297
	Age (36–50 years)	0.514	0.977	1.015	0.371	2.779
	Age (up to 35 years)					0
	Employment (working/training/education)	0.656	0.040	0.260	0.072	0.939
	Employment (not working)	1.189	0.005	0.036	0.003	0.367
	Employment (retired)	0.000		1.722E–10	1.722E–10	1.722E–10
	Employment (long-term sick/disabled)
	Education (college level or equivalent)	0.807	0.146	3.231	0.665	15.699
	Education (school level or equivalent)	0.839	0.974	0.973	0.188	5.038
	Education (none)
	Sports participation baseline (yes)	0.672	0.182	2.453	0.657	9.159
	Sports participation baseline (no)
	Physical activity level (high)	0.848	0.083	4.359	0.827	22.991
	Physical activity level (moderate)	0.760	0.037	4.896	1.105	21.703
	Physical activity level (low)

Clark, J., A. Kearns, and C. Cleland. 2016. “Spatial Scale, time and Process in Mega-events: the Complexity of Host Community Perspectives on Neighbourhood Change.” Cities 53: 87–97. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2016.01.012

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar