Should we stay, or should we go? The influence of risk perceptions on revisit intentions to cultural heritage during the COVID-19 pandemic

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Figure 2. Loevestein Castle (picture by Pieter de Rooij).

Figure 3. Loevestein Castle COVID-19 rules (picture by Pieter de Rooij).

Table 1. Demographic profile of the respondents (N = 470).

Variable	N	%
Gender
Male	202	43.0
Female	268	57.0
Age (years)
18–20	5	1.1
21–30	44	9.4
31–40	135	28.7
41–50	115	24.5
51–60	85	18.1
≥ 61	86	18.3
Education level
Primary Education or lower	0	0.0
Lower General Secondary Education	27	5.7
Higher General Secondary Education / Pre University Education	113	24.0
University of Applied Sciences	217	46.2
University or higher	113	24.0
Travel distance to Slot Loevestein (kilometers)
0–20	22	4.7
21–50	178	37.9
51–100	207	44.0
101–150	46	9.8
151–200	11	2.3
≥ 201	6	1.3
Means of transportation
Walking	6	1.3
Touring car	33	7.0
Bicycle	1	0.2
Transit	13	2.8
Driving	357	76.0
Other	30	6.4
Missing	30	6.4
Party composition
Colleagues	0	0.0
Friends	25	5.3
Family	241	51.3
Partner	148	31.5
Alone	6	1.3
Other	21	4.5
Missing	29	6.2

Table 2. Means and standard deviations of risk perceptions (RP) and revisit intention.

	Total dataset (N = 470)		Exploratory (N = 150)		Confirmatory (N = 320)
Variables and dimensions	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Revisit Intention
I would like to visit Slot Loevestein again in the near future.	3.22	1.04	3.30	1.03	3.19	1.04
RP: Severity
COVID-19 is harmful to human health.	4.17	0.96	4.26	0.89	4.13	0.99
COVID-19 ruins mood in daily life.	2.63	1.06	2.59	1.11	2.65	1.03
COVID-19 reduces humans’ quality of life.	3.54	1.07	3.60	1.15	3.51	1.03
RP: General Vulnerability
How likely do you think it is that you might become infected with COVID-19 in the near future?	2.89	0.68	2.94	0.73	2.87	0.65
How likely do you think it is that people in your family and friends might become infected with COVID-19 in the near future?	3.00	0.69	3.07	0.70	2.98	0.68
How likely do you think it is to get COVID-19 in general?	3.19	0.66	3.18	0.68	3.19	0.65
RP: Brand-related Vulnerability
I am confident that Slot Loevestein has taken the right control measures to decrease the chance of infection with COVID-19. (-)	1.75	0.67	1.73	0.63	1.76	0.68
I am confident that Slot Loevestein complies with the COVID-19 safety regulations. (-)	1.74	0.65	1.73	0.62	1.74	0.67
I am confident that Slot Loevestein has taken the right hygiene measures. (-)	1.74	0.65	1.73	0.59	1.74	0.67
I am confident that Slot Loevestein offers enough space to keep 1.5 meters distance from others. (-)	1.83	0.68	1.81	0.65	1.85	0.7
RP: Satisfaction
I expect that a visit to Slot Loevestein at this moment would not meet my expectations.	2.10	0.78	2.07	0.80	2.11	0.77
If I would visit Slot Loevestein in the near future, I’m afraid that the visit will be disappointing due to the COVID-19 regulations.	2.17	0.79	2.07	0.75	2.22	0.80
If I would visit Slot Loevestein in the near future, I expect that the experience is worse than I am used to due to the COVID-19 regulations.	2.53	0.92	2.51	0.94	2.53	0.92
I expect that a visit to Slot Loevestein right now will be just as valuable as in the past. (-)	2.13	0.81	2.07	0.78	2.16	0.83
RP: Social
Friends or family members would not appreciate if I would make a daytrip to for example Slot Loevestein right now.	1.91	0.72	1.95	0.81	1.89	0.67
Friends or family members would not think it is unusual when I would visit for example Slot Loevestein right now. (-)	2.12	0.80	2.19	0.82	2.09	0.79
Friends or family members would discourage a daytrip to for example Slot Loevestein.	2.02	0.71	2.06	0.75	2.01	0.69
Many friends or family members are now inclined to go on daytrips, such as for example Slot Loevestein. (-)	2.67	0.80	2.70	0.83	2.66	0.79
RP: Psychological
Going on a daytrip is risky right now.	2.59	0.83	2.57	0.83	2.60	0.83
I would feel very comfortable traveling anywhere in the Netherlands right now. (-)	2.48	0.94	2.52	0.91	2.46	0.95
I feel nervous about traveling in the Netherlands right now.	2.18	0.88	2.11	0.85	2.22	0.90
Visiting a museum is a safe activity. (-)	2.21	0.70	2.25	0.69	2.19	0.71
Safety is the most important aspect a leisure activity can offer.	3.46	0.92	3.45	0.96	3.46	0.91
Safety is an important consideration when choosing a leisure activity.	3.87	0.80	3.97	0.73	3.83	0.83
(-) implies a reverse-scored item.

Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis risk perception dimensions.

	Loadings
Variables and Dimensions	1	2	3	4	5	6	Com
RP: Brand-related Vulnerability
I am confident that Slot Loevestein has taken the right control measures to decrease the chance of infection with COVID-19.	0.97						0.93
I am confident that Slot Loevestein complies with the COVID-19 safety regulations.	0.91						0.83
I am confident that Slot Loevestein has taken the right hygiene measures.	0.84						0.71
I am confident that Slot Loevestein offers enough space to keep 1.5 meters distance from others.	0.73						0.61
RP: Satisfaction
I expect that a visit to Slot Loevestein at this moment would not meet my expectations.		0.83					0.74
If I would visit Slot Loevestein in the near future, I’m afraid that the visit will be disappointing due to the COVID-19 regulations.		0.75					0.74
If I would visit Slot Loevestein in the near future, I expect that the experience is worse than I am used to due to the COVID-19 regulations.		0.66					0.50
I expect that a visit to Slot Loevestein right now will be just as valuable as in the past. (-)		0.63					0.42
RP: General Vulnerability
How likely do you think it is that people in your family and friends might become infected with COVID-19 in the near future?			0.95				0.92
How likely do you think it is that you might become infected with COVID-19 in the near future?			0.79				0.66
How likely do you think it is to get COVID-19 in general?			0.73				0.56
RP: Social
Friends or family members would discourage a daytrip to for example Slot Loevestein.				0.75			0.66
Friends or family members would not appreciate if I would make a daytrip to for example Slot Loevestein right now.				0.71			0.68
RP: Psychological
I would feel very comfortable traveling anywhere in the Netherlands right now. (-)					0.83		0.66
I feel nervous about traveling in the Netherlands right now.				0.33	0.71		0.84
RP: Severity
COVID-19 reduces humans’ quality of life.						0.63	0.44
COVID-19 ruins mood in daily life.						0.61	0.40
% of Total variance	18.60	13.51	12.74	8.43	8.31	4.94
% Total variance						66.53

Note: N = 150. The extraction method was principal axis factoring with an oblique (oblimin) rotation set to extract 6 factors. Factor loadings above .50 are in bold. Factor loadings <.20 are suppressed. Reverse-scored items are denoted with an (-).

Figure 4. Multivariate Structural Model with standardized regression coefficients. Striped lines represent the factor loadings. Regular lines depict the bivariate structural model. Non-significant correlations between risk perception dimensions have been omitted. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.