State gratitude for one’s life and health after an acute coronary syndrome: Prospective associations with physical activity, medical adherence and re-hospitalizations

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline demographics, medical history, psychological constructs and state gratitude domain means and stand deviations.

	Variable	Baseline	SD
Demographics	Age	61.8	10.7
	Male Sex (N [%])	126 (83%)	–
	White (N [%])	127 (84%)	–
	Living Alone (N [%])	36 (24%)	–
Medical History	Previous ACS (N [%])	63 (41%)	–
	Charlson (age adjusted)	3.3	1.6
	Peak Troponin T	1.5	3.6
Negative Psychological Constructs	Depression (PHQ-9; range: 0–27)	4.31	4.37
	Anxiety (HADS-A; range: 0–21)	4.32	4.08
Positive Psychological Constructs	Optimism (LOT-R; range: 0–24)	17.67	5.65
	Gratitude (GQ-6; range: 6–42)	36.58	5.90
State Gratitude Items	Life State Gratitude	6.03	1.37
	Family/Friends State Gratitude	6.41	1.08
	Health State Gratitude	5.47	1.61
	Medical Staff State Gratitude	6.59	0.92

Notes: All values reported as means unless noted. GQ-6 = Gratitude Questionnaire 6 (range; LOTR = Life Orientation Test Revised (range 6–30); PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (range 0–27); HADS-A = 7-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety Subscale.

Table 2. Baseline and 6 month gratitude and psychological constructs: means and paired t-test results.

	2 Week mean (SD)	6 Month mean (SD)	Mean difference (SD)	95% CI	t-statistic	p-value
Life State Gratitude	6.03 (1.37)	6.30 (1.08)	0.27 (1.33)	0.057 to 0.48	2.51	0.013
Health State Gratitude	5.47 (1.61)	5.91 (1.37)	0.44 (1.59)	0.19 to 0.69	3.42	<0.001
Dispositional Gratitude (GQ-6)	36.58 (5.90)	37.22 (5.14)	0.64 (4.12)	−0.016 to 1.31	1.93	0.056
Optimism (LOTR)	17.67 (5.65)	17.98 (5.83)	0.31 (4.21)	−0.37 to 0.984	0.91	0.37
Depression (PHQ-9)	4.32 (4.38)	3.33 (4.02)	−0.99 (3.51)	−1.55 to −0.42	−3.46	<0.001
Anxiety (HADS)	4.32 (4.08)	3.81 (3.86)	−0.51 (3.45)	−1.07 to 0.039	−1.84	0.068

Notes: GQ-6 = Gratitude Questionnaire 6; LOTR = Life Orientation Test Revised; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire 9; HADS-A = 7-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety Subscale.

Table 3. Associations between baseline gratitude variables with 6-month physical activity (mean steps per day) and medical adherence.

	Model	Physical activity (steps) at 6 months			Medical Adherence (MOS-SAS)
		β	95% C.I.	p-value	β	95% C.I.	p-value
Life State Gratitude	1	323.5	3.1 to 644.0	0.048	0.67	0.32 to 1.03	0.000
	2	359.2	46.4 to 672.1	0.025	0.61	0.25 to 0.98	0.001
	3	301.0	−47.1 to 649.1	0.09	0.71	0.30 to 1.12	0.001
	4	179.5	−193.2 to 552.2	0.34	0.60	0.16 to 1.04	0.008
Health State Gratitude	1	400.9	135.5 to 666.3	0.003	0.25	−0.065 to 0.56	0.12
	2	382.5	116.0 to 649.0	0.005	0.18	−0.14 to 0.51	0.27
	3	367.1	77.4 to 656.8	0.013	0.16	−0.20 to 0.52	0.37
	4	340.9	53.4 to 628.4	0.020	0.13	−0.23 to 0.48	0.48
GQ-6	1	43.9	−30.6 to 118.3	0.25	0.13	0.043 to 0.21	0.003
	2	55.4	−16.3 to 127.2	0.13	0.12	0.036 to 0.21	0.006
	3	34.8	−48.9 to 118.4	0.41	0.15	0.049 to 0.25	0.004
	4	−24.6	−123.8 to 74.7	0.63	0.12	0.0003 to 0.24	0.050

Notes: Model 1 = controlling for age and gender (and baseline physical activity); Model 2 = controlling for age, gender, medical and social characteristics; Model 3 = controlling for age, gender, medical and social characteristics, and depression and anxiety; Model 4 = controlling for age, gender, medical and social characteristics, depression, anxiety and optimism; GQ-6 = Gratitude Questionnaire 6; MOS-SAS = Medical Outcomes Study Specific Adherence Scale.