Confluent paths: Research and community participation to protect the right to health among transgender women in Peru

Figures & data

Table 1. Methodological approach and key findings of scientific publications focused on TGW in Peru (2006–2011).

Authors/Year	Research method	Key findings/Conclusions
Salazar et al. (2006)	Qualitative	The study emphasises the importance of the socio-cultural environment for the prevention of HIV / AIDS by its influence on the social norms of gender in the construction of identity, in relationship forms, in sexual negotiation and in the meaning of risk.
Caceres et al. (2008)	Secondary information analysis	The study identifies that risk behaviours in the transvestite population are associated with adverse socio-economic and psychological conditions, contributing to the existence of a population highly vulnerable to HIV infection.
Salazar and Villayzán (2007)	Qualitative	One of the most important findings of this study was that prostitution in a transvestite population has as its indispensable condition the assumption of a female identity.
Montalvo, Andía, and Rodríguez, (2009)	Qualitative	The study proposes that violence against TGW comes with great force from public order institutions, such as the municipal and the national police.
Salazar and Villayzán (2009)	Qualitative	The study highlights TGW's efforts to achieve their desired identity in their bodies, and with family. The study also refers to the exercise of their human rights and few job opportunities, while a large number are engaged in prostitution.
Salazar (2009)	Qualitative	The study delineates the types of violence TGW suffer in several regions of the country
Salazar (2010)	Qualitative	The author argues that there are no laws, policies, norms and / or regulations regarding the social inclusion of TGW and that there are no capacity building mechanisms in trans organisations, which makes it difficult to participate in civil society forums.
Salazar et al. (2010)	Qualitative/Quantitative	The study discusses the importance of institutions to recognising TGW identity. It highlights gender discrimination and violence as well as the difficulties experienced by women in their relationships with partners that influence condom use and HIV prevention. This is in addition to the problems TGW have in accessing health services.
Segura et al. (2010)	Quantitative	The study estimates 22,456 transgender women in the city of Lima
Bayer, Paca, and Garvich (2011)	Qualitative/Quantitative	The study concludes that TGW sex workers experience greater vulnerability than TGW who are not engaged in sex work. Being sex work a factor of vulnerability. A significant minority has never been tested for HIV and therefore require specialised services to their needs.
Sánchez et al. (2011)	Quantitative/ Epidemiological	This study provides epidemiology of TGW in Lima, finding 20.8% HIV prevalence, 36.2% prevalence of syphilis. It argues that the HIV epidemic among MSM and transgender women is becoming increasingly young, with a higher incidence among the population under 25 years of age. This epidemiological data from a sentinel study is the data used by the Ministry of Health.
Silva-Santisteban et al. (2012)	Quantitative/ Epidemiological	This study developed with the Responding Driven Sampling methodology in the UPCH provides epidemiology of TGW in Lima, finding 29.6% HIV prevalence, 22% syphilis prevalence. It confirms that TGW represent the group most affected by the HIV / AIDS epidemic in Peru.
Velarde (2011)	Qualitative	The study concludes that the health system does not give attention to the need for body modification, nor for sexual health of TGW living with HIV

Table 2. Milestones of early transwomen activism in Peru (2005–2007).

Year	Milestones of early transwomen activism in Peru (2000–2007)
2005	First Transvestite, Transgender and Transsexual Encounter in Peru
2006	National Workshop on Stigma and Discrimination in the Transvestite, Transgender and Transgender Population
2006	Birth of the RedTrans Peru
2007	Regional Consultation on Sex Work and HIV/AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean (in Lima)
2007	National Consultation on Sex Work, Human Rights and HIV and AIDS

Salazar, X., Caceres, C. F., Maiorana, A., Rosasco, A. M., Kegeles, S., Coates, T., & NIMH Collaborative HIV/STI Prevention Trial Group. (2006). Influencia del contexto sociocultural en la percepción del riesgo y la negociación de protección en hombres homosexuales pobres de la costa peruana. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 22(10), 2097–2104.

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Caceres, C. F., Konda, K. A., Salazar, X., Leon, S. R., Klausner, J. D., Lescano, A. G., Maiorana, A., Kegeles, S., Jones, F. R., Coates, T. J., & NIMH Collaborative HIV/STI Prevention Trial Group. (2008). New populations at high risk of HIV/STIs in low-income, urban coastal Peru. AIDS and Behavior, 12(4), 544–551. doi: 10.1007/s10461-007-9348-y

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Salazar, X., & Villayzán, J. (2007). Resultados de los Grupos Focales con Trabajadoras Sexuales Travestis sobre el Trabajo Sexual y los Clientes. Lima (not published).

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Montalvo, J., Andía, B., & Rodríguez, R. (2009). Realidades Invisibles. Violencia contra travestis, transexuales y transgéneros que ejercen comercio sexual en la ciudad de Lima. Lima: Runa instituto de desarrollo y estudios sobre género.

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Salazar, X., & Villayzán, J. (2009). Lineamientos para el Trabajo Multisectorial en Población Trans, Derechos Humanos, Trabajo Sexual y VIH/sida. Lima: IESSDEH, UNFPA, RedLacTrans.

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Salazar, X. (2009). Diagnóstico de la violencia contra los y las trabajadores/as sexuales, mujeres, transgénero y varones y su vulnerabilidad frente a las ITS y el VIH. Lima: CARE PERU, FONDO MUNDIAL.

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Salazar, X. (2010). Estudio sobre la efectiva participación de mujeres y personas transgénero en los procesos del Fondo Mundial Perú. Lima: AID for AIDS.

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Salazar, X., Silva Santisteban, A., Villayzán, J., & Caceres, C. F. (2010). Las Personas Trans y la Epidemia del VIH/sida en el Perú: Aspectos Sociales y Epidemiológicos. Lima: IESSDEH, UPCH, ONUSIDA, AMFAR.

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Segura, E., Cáceres, C., Mahy, M., Ghyos, P., Leyrla, R., & Salganik, M. (2010). Estimating the size of populations of men who have sex with men, transgender people and people living with HIV/Aids in Lima, Peru: A study using the Network Scale-Up Method. USSDH – UPCH. (Not published).

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Bayer, A. M., Paca, A., & Garvich, M. (2011). Necesidades relacionadas a la prevención, atención y soporte en VIH y SIDA en jóvenes vulnerables en el Perú. Lima: UNESCO.

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Sánchez, J. L., Peinado, J. E., & Lama, J. R. (2011). Estudio de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de ITS y VIH en Hombres que Tienen Sexo con Hombres Comparando las Metodologías de Reclutamiento: Muestreo por Conveniencia, Muestreo por Tiempo y Espacio y el Muestreo Dirigido por Participantes. Lima: CARE PERÚ, CONAMUSA, FONDO MUNDIAL.

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Silva-Santisteban, A., Fisher, R., Salazar, X., Villayzán, J., León, S., McFarland, W., & Caceres, C. F. (2012). Transgender women of Lima, Peru: Results from a sero-epidemiologic study using respondent driven sampling. AIDS and Behavior, 16(4), 872–881. doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-0053-5

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Velarde, C. (2011). La Igualdad en Lista de Espera: Necesidades, Barreras y Demandas en Salud Sexual, Reproductiva y Mental en Población Trans, Lesbiana y Gay. Lima: PROMSEX.

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