Adaptation and biomedical transition of people living with HIV to antiretroviral treatment in Burkina Faso

Figures & data

Figure 1: Theoretical predictions.

sNotes: The vertical axis displays the level of health and the horizontal axis the duration under ART. SH abbreviates subjective health. The hypothesis H_SH,i is formulated for short-term adherents with respect to subjective health; the hypothesis H_SH,l is formulated for long-term adherents with respect to subjective health; hypothesis H is for all PLHIV and refers to both subjective and objective health.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

	Full sample		Short-term patients		Long-term patients		Difference in means
	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.	p-value
Weight	59.929	10.646	59.106	10.729	60.451	10.562	0.012
Demographic variables
Participant is female	0.690	0.463	0.678	0.468	0.697	0.460	0.257
Age	41.274	9.438	39.376	9.706	42.479	9.063	0.000
Household size	6.807	5.191	6.803	5.285	6.810	5.132	0.980
Participant has children	0.888	0.315	0.879	0.326	0.894	0.308	0.228
Share of women above 15	0.359	0.212	0.361	0.225	0.357	0.204	0.777
Share of men above 15	0.264	0.199	0.252	0.189	0.272	0.204	0.011
Marital status (Excluded category: Divorced separated)
Married	0.572	0.495	0.596	0.491	0.558	0.497	0.066
Widow	0.215	0.411	0.181	0.385	0.237	0.425	0.001
Single	0.153	0.360	0.159	0.366	0.148	0.356	0.477
Religion (Excluded category: Other and none)
Muslim	0.507	0.500	0.561	0.496	0.473	0.499	0.007
Christian	0.449	0.497	0.398	0.490	0.482	0.500	0.005
Main ethnicity: Mossi	0.526	0.499	0.529	0.499	0.524	0.500	0.905
Education (Excluded category: No formal education)
Primary	0.290	0.454	0.277	0.448	0.299	0.458	0.305
Secondary and higher	0.198	0.398	0.192	0.394	0.201	0.401	0.625
French is main language used	0.101	0.301	0.112	0.316	0.093	0.291	0.213
Economically active	0.357	0.479	0.337	0.473	0.370	0.483	0.261
Income in 1000 FCFA	14.532	59.783	13.987	59.834	14.878	59.761	0.717
Lives in agricultural household	0.546	0.498	0.513	0.500	0.568	0.495	0.253
Member of a self-help group	0.398	0.490	0.249	0.433	0.493	0.500	0.000
Sexual intercourse in last 7 days	0.366	0.482	0.364	0.481	0.367	0.482	0.920
Outcome indicators
Subjective health rating (Likert scale 1–5)	4.358	0.649	4.298	0.686	4.396	0.622	0.035
Share of positive health ratings	0.921	0.270	0.896	0.306	0.937	0.243	0.003
CD4 count	454.297	229.338	388.381	214.086	489.601	229.509	0.000
Indicator of good health (CD4 count > 500)	0.368	0.482	0.266	0.442	0.423	0.494	0.000

Notes: The total number of observations is 3625. The subsample of antiretroviral short-term adherents consists of 1408 observations, the subsample of long-term patients consists of 2217 observations. For the CD4 count only 835 (1559) observations are available for the subsample of antiretroviral short-term (long-term) patients. The comparison of means between short-term and long-term adherents accounts for clustering of the error term at the health center level.

Table 2. Determinants of subjective wellbeing for ART short-term versus long-term patients (Outcome variable: Likert scale rating of subjective wellbeing).

	Short-term patients			Long-term patients
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Weight	0.028**	0.026**	0.025**	0.024***	0.023***	0.023***
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Weight^2	−0.000*	−0.000*	−0.000	−0.000***	−0.000***	−0.000***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Participant is female	0.034	0.038	0.050	−0.005	0.003	0.005
	(0.052)	(0.052)	(0.052)	(0.036)	(0.037)	(0.039)
Age	−0.003	−0.003	−0.003	−0.003**	−0.003**	−0.003**
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Household size	−0.003	−0.003	−0.003	0.002	0.002	0.002
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Has children	0.114**	0.106**	0.095*	0.043	0.038	0.039
	(0.052)	(0.051)	(0.052)	(0.049)	(0.050)	(0.049)
Share of women above 15	0.133*	0.130*	0.117	0.154**	0.138**	0.134**
	(0.077)	(0.077)	(0.074)	(0.063)	(0.063)	(0.063)
Share of men above 15	0.028	0.041	0.045	−0.042	−0.034	−0.038
	(0.095)	(0.097)	(0.096)	(0.068)	(0.069)	(0.070)
Marital status (Excluded category: Divorced, separated)
Married	0.142	0.139	0.107	0.112**	0.109*	0.102*
	(0.086)	(0.087)	(0.086)	(0.055)	(0.056)	(0.055)
Widow	0.115	0.099	0.100	0.063	0.054	0.056
	(0.095)	(0.095)	(0.096)	(0.057)	(0.057)	(0.056)
Single	0.076	0.074	0.061	0.093a	0.093	0.092*
	(0.083)	(0.084)	(0.084)	(0.058)	(0.056)	(0.054)
Education (Excluded category: No formal education)
Primary		−0.046	−0.043		−0.026	−0.028
		(0.048)	(0.048)		(0.027)	(0.027)
Secondary and higher		−0.097	−0.094		−0.058	−0.058
		(0.060)	(0.058)		(0.046)	(0.046)
Agricultural household		−0.024	−0.028		−0.059*	−0.065*
		(0.059)	(0.058)		(0.032)	(0.033)
Economically active		0.128**	0.110**		0.082**	0.078**
		(0.051)	(0.049)		(0.034)	(0.035)
Income in 1000 FCFA		−0.000	−0.000		0.000**	0.000**
		(0.000)	(0.000)		(0.000)	(0.000)
Member of a self-help group			0.000			0.051
			(0.076)			(0.033)
Sexual intercourse in last 7 days			0.120***			0.047
			(0.031)			(0.035)

Notes: OLS results. The total number of observations for antiretroviral short-term (long-term) patients is 1408 (2217). The number of health centers, i.e. fixed effects, is 74 (75) for antiretroviral short-term (long-term) patients. All regressions include control variables for religion (Christian, Muslim), ethnicity (Mossi) and French being the main language but coefficients are not shown. Standard errors are clustered at the health center level. ***/**/* indicate significance at the 1/5/10% level, respectively.

Table 3. Determinants of CD4 counts for ART short-term versus long-term patients.

	Short-term patients			Long-term patients
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Weight	9.160**	9.637***	9.040**	4.566	4.505	4.876*
	(3.626)	(3.616)	(3.607)	(2.839)	(2.867)	(2.884)
Weight^2	−0.048*	−0.050*	−0.046	−0.018	−0.019	−0.020
	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.028)	(0.019)	(0.019)	(0.019)
Participant is female	57.466***	55.070**	54.666**	51.719***	54.272***	53.584***
	(21.068)	(23.290)	(24.018)	(14.390)	(14.496)	(14.538)
Age	−1.842**	−2.117**	−2.143**	−0.292	−0.036	−0.124
	(0.826)	(0.820)	(0.840)	(0.810)	(0.827)	(0.798)
Household size	−0.493	−0.946	−0.838	−2.083**	−1.905**	−1.833*
	(1.533)	(1.377)	(1.413)	(0.930)	(0.954)	(0.946)
Has children	−3.387	−3.788	−5.763	−11.796	−12.474	−11.107
	(23.089)	(23.346)	(23.408)	(20.692)	(20.964)	(20.963)
Share of women above 15	−18.446	−15.414	−15.806	14.122	10.723	9.275
	(43.266)	(43.079)	(43.377)	(26.891)	(27.046)	(27.443)
Share of men above 15	5.413	18.179	18.710	−5.769	−4.526	−6.589
	(33.469)	(33.016)	(32.369)	(32.991)	(32.328)	(33.279)
Marital status (Excluded category: Divorced, separated)
Married	−25.954	−27.157	−25.209	62.762**	64.877**	67.259**
	(27.049)	(28.009)	(26.757)	(26.927)	(27.050)	(26.508)
Widow	−23.927	−28.610	−27.410	50.439**	53.879**	54.593**
	(31.160)	(31.343)	(30.752)	(24.684)	(24.912)	(24.721)
Single	3.191	11.418	15.605	72.332**	69.899**	71.633**
	(33.971)	(33.528)	(33.084)	(29.393)	(28.976)	(28.871)
Education (Excluded category: No formal education)
Primary		−32.832	−31.393		8.967	8.192
		(20.234)	(19.714)		(12.571)	(12.495)
Secondary and higher		−40.085	−41.162*		54.838**	53.417**
		(24.148)	(23.809)		(21.509)	(21.519)
Agricultural household		37.454	34.771		−18.043	−20.436
		(24.118)	(24.158)		(19.710)	(19.593)
Economically active		1.670	0.166		9.163	6.003
		(19.484)	(20.814)		(14.955)	(14.957)
Income in 1000 FCFA		0.002	0.002		−0.017	−0.012
		(0.238)	(0.242)		(0.069)	(0.070)
Member of a self-help group			38.341**			38.160***
			(17.483)			(13.961)
Sexual intercourse in last 7 days			7.443			3.794
			(20.172)			(15.614)

Notes: OLS results. The total number of observations for antiretroviral short-term (long-term) patients is 835 (1559). The number of health centers, i.e. fixed effects, is 67 (67) for antiretroviral short-term (long-term) patients. All regressions include control variables for religion (Christian, Muslim), ethnicity (Mossi) and French being the main language but coefficients are not shown. Standard errors are clustered at the health center level. ***/**/* indicate significance at the 1/5/10% level, respectively.