Correlates of maternal, newborn and child health services uptake, including male partner involvement: Baseline survey results from Bangladesh

Figures & data

Figure 1. MNCH service uptake by indicators, and by number of MNCH indicators reported, Bangladesh baseline survey (N = 1,724).

Table 1. Selected characteristics and MNCH service uptake indicators of index child (N = 1,724)^a.

	4+ ANC					Delivery in health care facility					PNC visit
	No		Yes			No		Yes			No		Yes
	No.	%	No.	%	P	No.	%	No.	%	p	No.	%	No.	%	P
District					0.000					0.000					0.000
Nilphamari	419	41.0	224	31.9		293	31.4	350	44.2		290	30.6	353	45.5
Kurigram	316	30.9	334	47.6		408	43.7	242	30.6		415	43.7	235	30.3
Borguna	134	13.1	81	11.5		122	13.1	93	11.8		123	13.0	92	11.9
Khagrachari	153	15.0	63	9.0		110	11.8	106	13.4		121	12.8	95	12.3
Type of Settlement					0.236					0.000					0.000
Urban	205	20.1	118	16.8		162	17.4	161	20.4		164	17.3	159	20.5
Semi-urban	63	6.2	45	6.4		30	3.2	78	9.9		29	3.1	79	10.2
Rural	754	73.8	539	76.8		741	79.4	552	69.8		756	79.7	537	69.3
Age Group					0.547					0.032					0.102
<18	98	9.6	60	8.5		86	9.2	72	9.1		86	9.1	72	9.3
18–19	379	37.1	277	39.5		333	35.7	323	40.8		341	35.9	315	40.6
20–24	165	16.1	123	17.5		154	16.5	134	16.9		160	16.9	128	16.5
25–29	208	20.4	143	20.4		192	20.6	159	20.1		195	20.5	156	20.1
30–34	111	10.9	68	9.7		105	11.3	74	9.4		105	11.1	74	9.5
35+	61	6.0	31	4.4		63	6.8	29	3.7		62	6.5	30	3.9
Last level of education					0.000					0.000					0.000
Illiterate	119	11.6	42	6.0		114	12.2	47	5.9		113	11.9	48	6.2
Primary	381	37.3	201	28.6		349	37.4	233	29.5		358	37.7	224	28.9
Secondary	446	43.6	310	44.2		415	44.5	341	43.1		417	43.9	339	43.7
Post-Secondary	76	7.4	149	21.2		55	5.9	170	21.5		61	6.4	164	21.2
Age when married					0.147					0.000					0.000
<15	342	33.5	243	34.6		365	39.1	220	27.8		363	38.3	222	28.6
15–17	502	49.1	326	46.4		434	46.5	394	49.8		445	46.9	383	49.4
18–20	150	14.7	100	14.2		126	13.5	124	15.7		132	13.9	118	15.2
21+	28	2.7	33	4.7		8	0.9	53	6.7		9	0.9	52	6.7
Birth Order					0.024					0.000					0.000
>1 child alive	122	11.9	60	8.5		126	13.5	56	7.1		126	13.3	56	7.2
Only 1 child alive	900	88.1	642	91.5		807	86.5	735	92.9		823	86.7	719	92.8
Poverty Index					0.000					0.000					0.000
Very poor	137	13.4	62	8.8		130	13.9	69	8.7		130	13.7	69	8.9
Poor	561	54.9	313	44.6		534	57.2	340	43.0		540	56.9	334	43.1
Vulnerable Non-Poor/Rich	324	31.7	327	46.6		269	28.8	382	48.3		279	29.4	372	48.0
Time to walk to health facility					0.000					0.023					0.071
< = 10 min	200	19.6	197	28.1		223	23.9	174	22.0		223	23.5	174	22.5
11–30 min	588	57.5	392	55.8		545	58.4	435	55.0		554	58.4	426	55.0
31+ minutes	234	22.9	113	16.1		165	17.7	182	23.0		172	18.1	175	22.6
Age group (male partner)					0.931					0.460					0.680
<24	170	16.6	111	15.8		149	16.0	132	16.7		149	15.7	132	17.0
25–29	292	28.6	197	28.1		253	27.1	236	29.8		263	27.7	226	29.2
30–34	192	18.8	139	19.8		189	20.3	142	18.0		189	19.9	142	18.3
35+	368	36.0	255	36.3		342	36.7	281	35.5		348	36.7	275	35.5
Last level of education (male partner)					0.000					0.000					0.000
Illiterate	226	22.1	107	15.2		212	22.7	121	15.3		213	22.4	120	15.5
Primary	416	40.7	241	34.3		386	41.4	271	34.3		388	40.9	269	34.7
Secondary	295	28.9	245	34.9		281	30.1	259	32.7		284	29.9	256	33.0
Post-Secondary	85	8.3	109	15.5		54	5.8	140	17.7		64	6.7	130	16.8
Male partner awareness					0.000					0.110					0.033
1	509	49.8	280	39.9		445	47.7	344	43.5		459	48.4	330	42.6
2–3	283	27.7	177	25.2		249	26.7	211	26.7		249	26.2	211	27.2
4–5	230	22.5	245	34.9		239	25.6	236	29.8		241	25.4	234	30.2
Male partner support					0.000					0.000					0.000
1	722	70.6	342	48.7		665	71.3	399	50.4		680	71.7	384	49.5
2–3	202	19.8	208	29.6		220	23.6	190	24.0		223	23.5	187	24.1
4–5	98	9.6	152	21.7		48	5.1	202	25.5		46	4.8	204	26.3
Joint decision-making					0.003					0.016					0.002
0	294	28.8	161	22.9		264	28.3	191	24.1		275	29.0	180	23.2
1–2	360	35.2	236	33.6		333	35.7	263	33.2		337	35.5	259	33.4
3	368	36.0	305	43.4		336	36.0	337	42.6		337	35.5	336	43.4

^a ANC: Antenatal care visits; PNC: post-natal care within 2 days, post-delivery.

Table 2. Adjusted Odd Ratios (aORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI), multivariable logistic regression models for determinant of MNCH service uptake indicators (index child), Bangladesh baseline survey (N = 1,724)^a.

		4+ ANC		Delivery in Healthcare Facility		PNC (mother and/or infant)
		aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
District	Nilphamari	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Kurigram	1.61***	[1.23,2.10]	0.29***	[0.21,0.39]	0.25***	[0.18,0.34]
	Borguna	0.92	[0.63,1.34]	0.40***	[0.27,0.59]	0.39***	[0.26,0.57]
	Khagrachari	0.71	[0.48,1.06]	0.88	[0.60,1.31]	0.69	[0.46,1.02]
Type of Settlement	Urban	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Semi-urban	1.57	[0.93,2.63]	1.85*	[1.06,3.21]	1.97*	[1.13,3.44]
	Rural	1.34*	[1.00,1.79]	0.72*	[0.54,0.97]	0.73*	[0.54,0.98]
Age group (mother)	<18	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	18–19	1.26	[0.86,1.87]	0.78	[0.52,1.16]	0.75	[0.50,1.11]
	20–24	1.10	[0.70,1.72]	0.61*	[0.38,0.97]	0.57*	[0.36,0.92]
	25–29	1.09	[0.69,1.72]	0.63	[0.39,1.01]	0.62	[0.38,1.00]
	30–34	0.95	[0.56,1.62]	0.48**	[0.27,0.83]	0.50*	[0.29,0.88]
	35+	0.85	[0.45,1.62]	0.26***	[0.13,0.52]	0.31***	[0.15,0.62]
Last level of education	Illiterate	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Primary	1.34	[0.88,2.04]	1.20	[0.78,1.84]	1.08	[0.70,1.67]
	Secondary	1.45	[0.94,2.24]	1.37	[0.88,2.14]	1.40	[0.90,2.18]
	Post-Secondary	3.50***	[2.01,6.09]	3.37***	[1.88,6.04]	3.30***	[1.84,5.90]
Age at marriage (mother)	<15	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	15–17	0.81	[0.64,1.04]	1.06	[0.82,1.37]	0.99	[0.76,1.28]
	18–20	0.78	[0.53,1.14]	1.05	[0.71,1.55]	0.94	[0.63,1.40]
	21+	0.89	[0.46,1.70]	5.79***	[2.38,14.07]	5.13***	[2.18,12.11]
Birth Order	>1 child alive	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	1 child alive	1.11	[0.78,1.60]	1.98***	[1.33,2.92]	1.94**	[1.30,2.87]
Poverty Index	Very Poor	Ref	–	1	[1.00,1.00]	1	[1.00,1.00]
	Poor	0.94	[0.65,1.34]	0.92	[0.63,1.33]	0.92	[0.63,1.34]
	Vulnerable Non-Poor/Rich	1.41	[0.94,2.11]	1.25	[0.83,1.90]	1.28	[0.84,1.94]
Distance to closest health facility	< = 10 min	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	11–30 min	0.70**	[0.55,0.91]	1.03	[0.78,1.35]	1.01	[0.76,1.33]
	31+ minutes	0.56***	[0.40,0.77]	1.63**	[1.17,2.28]	1.51*	[1.08,2.12]
Age group (spouse)	<24	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	25–29	0.89	[0.64,1.24]	1.17	[0.83,1.64]	1.07	[0.76,1.50]
	30–34	0.96	[0.65,1.41]	0.85	[0.57,1.28]	0.86	[0.57,1.29]
	35+	1.16	[0.80,1.68]	1.42	[0.97,2.09]	1.32	[0.90,1.94]
Last level of education (spouse)	Illiterate	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Primary	1.08	[0.80,1.47]	1.02	[0.74,1.40]	1.02	[0.74,1.40]
	Secondary	1.33	[0.95,1.87]	1.04	[0.73,1.49]	1.04	[0.73,1.49]
	Technical/College, etc.	1.06	[0.65,1.70]	1.51	[0.90,2.52]	1.10	[0.66,1.83]
Male partner support	1	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	2–3	1.68***	[1.30,2.17]	2.11***	[1.60,2.78]	2.25***	[1.70,2.96]
	4–5	2.36***	[1.73,3.21]	9.60***	[6.50,14.18]	11.47***	[7.70,17.07]
Joint decision-making	0	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	1–2	1.30	[0.99,1.71]	1.08	[0.82,1.44]	1.25	[0.93,1.66]
	3	1.31	[1.00,1.71]	1.43*	[1.08,1.89]	1.65***	[1.24,2.19]

^a ANC: Antenatal care visits; PNC: post-natal care within 2 days, post-delivery.

*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Table 3. Adjusted Odd Ratios (aORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI), multivariable logistic regression models examining the association between male partner support and joint decision-making on MNCH service uptake indicators (Index Child), stratified by maternal education level, Bangladesh baseline survey^a,b.

Maternal education level			4+ ANC		Delivery in healthcare facility		PNC (mother and/or infant)
			aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
Less than Secondary (N = 743)	Male partner support	1	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
		2–3	2.56***	[1.68,3.91]	3.61***	[2.27,5.73]	3.88***	[2.41,6.25]
		4–5	3.26***	[1.92,5.55]	10.49***	[5.59,19.68]	13.55***	[7.04,26.07]
	Joint decision-making	0	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
		1–2	0.94	[0.60,1.46]	1.25	[0.79,1.97]	1.45	[0.91,2.31]
		3	1.37	[0.90,2.08]	2.15***	[1.38,3.35]	2.52***	[1.59,3.99]
Secondary or More (N = 981)	Male partner support	1	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
		2–3	1.42*	[1.03,1.97]	1.65**	[1.16,2.33]	1.77**	[1.25,2.50]
		4–5	2.15***	[1.45,3.18]	10.43***	[6.25,17.42]	11.65***	[6.95,19.53]
	Joint decision-making	0	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
		1–2	1.60	[1.11,2.30]	0.96	[0.66,1.41]	1.11	[0.76,1.63]
		3	1.29	[0.91,1.85]	1.17	[0.80,1.70]	1.38	[0.98,1.96]

^a ANC: Antenatal care visits; PNC: post-natal care within 2 days, post-delivery.

^b Adjusted for district, type of settlement, maternal and male age group, male education level, maternal age at marriage, birth order, poverty index, and distance to facility (in minutes walking).

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Table 4. Adjusted Odd Ratios (aORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI), multivariable logistic regression models, determinants of MNCH service uptake indicators (Index Child) among adolescent mothers, Bangladesh baseline survey (N = 814)^a,b.

		4+ ANC		Delivery in healthcare facility		PNC (mother and/or infant)
		aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
District	Nilphamari	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Kurigram	1.82**	[1.24,2.69]	0.22***	[0.14,0.35]	0.20***	[0.12,0.31]
	Borguna	1.19	[0.70,2.03]	0.30***	[0.17,0.52]	0.33***	[0.18,0.57]
	Khagrachari	0.51*	[0.28,0.91]	0.58	[0.33,1.02]	0.50*	[0.28,0.88]
Type of Settlement	Urban	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Semi-urban	0.99	[0.47,2.06]	1.80	[0.84,3.87]	1.93	[0.88,4.22]
	Rural	1.27	[0.83,1.96]	0.65	[0.42,1.01]	0.55**	[0.35,0.87]
Age group (mother)	<18	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	18–19	1.45	[0.97,2.18]	0.81	[0.53,1.23]	0.79	[0.52,1.21]
Last level of education	Illiterate	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Primary	1.10	[0.50,2.41]	1.04	[0.48,2.27]	0.76	[0.34,1.66]
	Secondary	0.998	[0.46,2.18]	1.28	[0.59,2.78]	1.04	[0.48,2.26]
	Post-Secondary	2.01	[0.80,5.06]	2.88*	[1.12,7.40]	2.38	[0.92,6.12]
Age at marriage (mother)	<15	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	15–17	0.73	[0.52,1.03]	0.95	[0.66,1.36]	0.80	[0.55,1.15]
	18–20	0.24	[0.04,1.34]	0.47	[0.11,1.97]	0.40	[0.09,1.65]
Birth Order	>1 child alive	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	1 child alive	1.04	[0.58,1.85]	2.35**	[1.24,4.46]	2.53**	[1.31,4.89]
Poverty Index	Very Poor	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Poor	0.76	[0.44,1.30]	0.87	[0.49,1.52]	0.996	[0.56,1.78]
	Vulnerable Non-Poor/Rich	1.29	[0.71,2.34]	1.03	[0.55,1.92]	1.18	[0.62,2.24]
Distance to closest health facility	< = 10 min	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	11–30 min	0.80	[0.55,1.16]	1.17	[0.78,1.76]	1.06	[0.70,1.60]
	31+ minutes	0.54**	[0.34,0.86]	1.83*	[1.13,2.98]	1.58	[0.97,2.58]
Age group (spouse)	<24	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	25–29	0.86	[0.59,1.25]	1.08	[0.73,1.59]	0.99	[0.67,1.47]
	30–34	0.56*	[0.33,0.98]	0.92	[0.52,1.63]	0.92	[0.52,1.64]
	35+	1.09	[0.68,1.75]	1.99**	[1.21,3.28]	1.92*	[1.16,3.18]
Last level of education (spouse)	Illiterate	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Primary	0.88	[0.55,1.38]	0.99	[0.61,1.58]	0.99	[0.61,1.60]
	Secondary	1.25	[0.76,2.06]	1.33	[0.79,2.25]	1.39	[0.82,2.37]
	Technical/College, etc.	0.78	[0.37,1.65]	1.72	[0.77,3.81]	1.27	[0.57,2.83]
Male partner support	1	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	2-3	1.33	[0.92,1.93]	1.83**	[1.23,2.71]	2.05***	[1.37,3.06]
	4-5	2.24***	[1.40,3.60]	12.21***	[6.44,23.14]	17.23***	[8.74,33.98]
Joint decision-making	0	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	1-2	1.58*	[1.07,2.35]	1.27	[0.85,1.89]	1.24	[0.82,1.86]
	3	1.31	[0.89,1.94]	1.78**	[1.18,2.68]	1.96**	[1.29,2.97]

^a ANC: Antenatal care visits; PNC: post-natal care within 2 days, post-delivery.

^b Adolescents = <20 years of age.

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Table 5. Adjusted Odd Ratios (aORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI), multivariable logistic regression models, determinants of MNCH service uptake indicators (Index Child) among adult mothers, Bangladesh baseline survey (N = 910)^a,b.

		4+ ANC		Delivery in healthcare facility		PNC (mother and/or infant)
		aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI	aOR	95% CI
District	Nilphamari	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Kurigram	1.45	[0.99,2.12]	0.36***	[0.24,0.54]	0.30***	[0.20,0.46]
	Borguna	0.72	[0.42,1.26]	0.50*	[0.29,0.89]	0.42**	[0.24,0.73]
	Khagrachari	1.12	[0.64,1.98]	1.35	[0.76,2.40]	0.98	[0.55,1.73]
Type of Settlement	Urban	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Semi-urban	2.40*	[1.12,5.15]	1.84	[0.81,4.18]	2.02	[0.89,4.58]
	Rural	1.36	[0.90,2.05]	0.78	[0.51,1.18]	0.88	[0.58,1.33]
Age group (mother)	20–24	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	25–29	0.91	[0.61,1.36]	1.15	[0.76,1.75]	1.20	[0.79,1.83]
	30–34	0.81	[0.49,1.34]	0.91	[0.54,1.54]	1.04	[0.61,1.76]
	35+	0.75	[0.40,1.41]	0.47*	[0.23,0.93]	0.62	[0.31,1.24]
Last level of education	Illiterate	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Primary	1.22	[0.72,2.04]	1.18	[0.69,2.00]	1.16	[0.68,1.98]
	Secondary	1.58	[0.90,2.75]	1.23	[0.69,2.18]	1.44	[0.81,2.54]
	Post-Secondary	5.01***	[2.38,10.57]	3.51**	[1.60,7.71]	3.55**	[1.63,7.73]
Age at marriage (mother)	<15	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	15–17	1.03	[0.71,1.49]	1.25	[0.84,1.85]	1.26	[0.85,1.87]
	18–20	0.78	[0.50,1.23]	1.16	[0.73,1.84]	1.09	[0.68,1.73]
	21+	0.71	[0.34,1.48]	6.18***	[2.43,15.74]	5.62***	[2.28,13.84]
Birth Order	>1 child alive	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	1 child alive	1.21	[0.75,1.96]	1.87*	[1.12,3.09]	1.73*	[1.05,2.87]
Poverty Index	Very Poor	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Poor	1.17	[0.70,1.95]	0.88	[0.53,1.47]	0.82	[0.49,1.36]
	Vulnerable Non-Poor/Rich	1.49	[0.84,2.63]	1.40	[0.80,2.46]	1.34	[0.76,2.35]
Distance to closest health facility	< = 10 min	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	11–30 min	0.62*	[0.43,0.90]	0.92	[0.62,1.35]	0.99	[0.67,1.45]
	31+ minutes	0.61*	[0.39,0.96]	1.56	[0.97,2.51]	1.51	[0.94,2.43]
Age group (spouse)	<24	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	25–29	1.27	[0.52,3.06]	1.56	[0.67,3.65]	1.24	[0.53,2.88]
	30–34	1.96	[0.81,4.76]	0.90	[0.38,2.14]	0.78	[0.33,1.84]
	35+	1.96	[0.80,4.80]	1.39	[0.58,3.30]	1.08	[0.45,2.55]
Last level of education (spouse)	Illiterate	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	Primary	1.30	[0.85,2.00]	1.11	[0.72,1.73]	1.12	[0.72,1.74]
	Secondary	1.33	[0.82,2.16]	0.90	[0.54,1.48]	0.87	[0.53,1.44]
	Technical/College, etc.	1.33	[0.69,2.56]	1.41	[0.70,2.84]	1.01	[0.51,2.02]
Male partner support	1	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	2–3	2.28***	[1.58,3.28]	2.57***	[1.73,3.82]	2.65***	[1.78,3.93]
	4–5	2.72***	[1.78,4.15]	9.15***	[5.48,15.29]	10.07***	[6.02,16.85]
Joint decision-making	0	Ref	–	Ref	–	Ref	–
	1–2	1.05	[0.70,1.57]	0.92	[0.61,1.40]	1.31	[0.86,2.00]
	3	1.29	[0.88,1.89]	1.15	[0.77,1.72]	1.48	[0.99,2.23]

^a ANC: Antenatal care visits; PNC: post-natal care within 2 days, post-delivery.

^b Adults = 20+ years of age.

*p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Figure 2. Selected characteristics by the number of MNCH service uptake indicators reported, Bangladesh Baseline Survey (N = 1,724).

Figure 3. Selected characteristics by the number of MNCH service uptake indicators reported, adolescent mothers (<20 years of age), Bangladesh baseline survey (N = 814).

Figure 4. Selected characteristics by the number of MNCH service uptake indicators reported, adult mothers (20+ years of age), Bangladesh baseline survey (N = 910).