Towards a transactional medicine approach to combating global emerging pathogens: the case of COVID-19

Figures & data

Table 1. Drugs used to fight against COVID-19.

Drugs	Conventional use	Effect on COVID-19	Recommendation	Reference
Lopinavir/Ritonavir	HIV/AIDS	Null	Combination therapy	Ader et al. (2021)
Ribavarin	Viral hemorrhagic fever	Requires high doses	Combination therapy	Sanders et al. (2020)
Interferon Beta-1b	Immunology	Some effects	Combination therapy	Chan et al. (2015)
Interferon Beta-1b, Ribavirin, and Lopinavir/Ritonavir	SARS-CoV	Effective for less severe COVID-19	Not recommended for critically ill patients	National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (2020)
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine	Malaria	Null	Not recommended	Bansal et al. (2021)
Arbidol	Influenza	Some effects	Mild COVID-19	Nojomi et al. (2020)
Remdesivir	Respiratory tract infection	Effective	Recommended	Grein et al. (2020)
Favipiravir	Influenza	Null	Not recommended	Doi et al. (2020)
Ivermectin	Anti-parasitic	Null	Not recommended	López-Medina et al. (2021)
Baricitinib	COVID-19	Effective	Granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) by FDA	Sorvig et al. (2021)

Table 2. Vaccines approved by the FDA.

Pfizer-BioNTech	https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccines
Moderna	https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/moderna-covid-19-vaccines
Janssen	https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/janssen-covid-19-vaccine
Novavax	https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/novavax-covid-19-vaccine-adjuvanted

Table 3. Medicinal Plants in the fight against COVID-19.

Family	Scientific Name	English Name
Prevention
Amaryllidaceae	Allium sativum L.	Garlic
Amaryllidaceae	Allium cepa L.	Onion
Apiaceae	Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague	Ajowan lovage
Caricaceae	Carica papaya L.	Papaya
Lamiaceae	Ocimum basilicum L.	Basil
Lamiaceae	Mentha arvensis L.	Pepper mint/field mint
Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Neem tree
Rutaceae	Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle	Lime/lemon
Zingiberaceae	Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.	Turmeric
Zingiberaceae	Zingiber officinale Rosc.	Ginger
Treatment
Acanthaceae	Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze	Assam Indigo
Asteraceae	Artemisia vulgaris L	Mugwort
Asteraceae	Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.	Sambong
Chloranthaceae	Chloranthus elatior Link	Barau-barau
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava L.	Guava
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Emblica
Plantaginaceae	Plantago major L.	Plantain
Saururaceae	Houttuynia cordata Thunb.	Chameleon Plant
Theaceae	Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth.	Needle wood tree
Vitaceae	Leea indica	Bandicoot berry

Table compiled from data previously presented in Khadka et al. (2021) and Phumthum et al. (2021).

Figure 1. Potential solutions of transactional medicine through the four levels of transaction.

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