Detailed geomorphology of debris avalanches of El Estribo volcanic complex (Central Mexico)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Up shows perspective view from the eastern scarp of El Estribo, Pátzcuaro Lake and the island of Janitzio (scoria cone). Down shows El Estribo cinder cone as seen from south (photographs of Gemma Gómez-Castillo).

Figure 2. (a) Location of the study area within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB), (b) the Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF), (c) Location of the study area to the south of Pátzcuaro Lake. TMVB limits were taken from Ferrari et al. (2012) and MGVF from Mazzarini et al. (2010). White thin lines indicate state boundaries.

Figure 3. Study area precipitation over a 43 year period between 1969 and 2016. (a) Annual precipitation. (b) Average monthly precipitation. Data from CONAGUA (2017), weather station 16,087 ‘Pátzcuaro’, located at 19.516389° latitude, −101.609722° longitude.

Figure 4. Thematic maps of the study area: (a) Elevation, represented by stretch values along a color ramp, four standard deviations types, (b) Relief energy, grid of 200 × 200 meters, (c) Slope and (d) Potential mass movement.

Figure 5. Location, distribution, volume, and length of major axis of hummocks in the study area. The numbers next to the hummocks correspond to their identifiers (Id) in Table 1.

Table 1. Morphological characteristics of hummocks.

Id	Area (m^2)	Perimeter (m)	Height (masl)	Volume (m^3)	Superficial area (m^2)	Length (major axis m)	Strike (°)	Id	Area (m^2)	Perimeter (m)	Height (masl)	Volume (m^3)	Superficial area (m^2)	Length (majoraxis m)	Strike (°)
1	26,307	686	2060	561,247	27,413	297	40	34	5047	274	2050	50,466	5047	108	104
2	15,315	517	2080	250,471	15,592	225	58	35	70,224	1030	2070	373,818	64,571	404	68
3	1411	197	2100	14,644	1418	90	70	36	38,820	793	2060	817,708	40,075	334	97
4	604	122	2100	5977	604	54	83	37	58,624	1019	2070	861,639	55,426	416	104
5	160	48	2100	1537	160	19	93	38	6030	292	2060	56,025	6045	111	74
6	270	66	2100	2682	270	23	64	39	36,161	760	2060	239,233	30,385	301	78
7	31,340	806	2090	433,243	31,537	338	84	40	27,483	674	2060	264,783	27,527	243	89
8	5191	337	2090	53,318	5196	150	71	41	2543	187	2050	25,196	2543	72	148
9	9812	430	2100	128,451	9930	182	69	42	22,512	794	2060	133,726	15,557	357	92
10	24,000	669	2100	375,874	22,845	293	85	43	70,784	1121	2060	1,138,125	72,237	460	87
11	5484	321	2080	8839	5414	129	79	44	16,363	623	2040	259,627	16,809	255	76
12	3981	265	2080	40,796	3987	115	62	45	4908	275	2040	56,469	4923	107	91
13	21,650	606	2090	179,567	21,759	258	64	46	9199	357	2040	150,656	9468	133	100
14	26,892	727	2090	306,580	27,818	312	77	47	31,785	788	2050	302,962	32,399	323	68
15	5266	285	2080	42,677	5352	114	77	48	4412	246	2040	83,369	4465	90	59
16	7370	311	2080	112,660	7590	109	62	49	7633	456	2040	120,810	7741	204	68
17	4269	304	2080	42,702	4270	133	96	50	13,218	446	2040	132,179	13,218	181	108
18	27,457	686	2090	259,805	27,559	283	78	51	77,749	1329	2040	1,054,439	79,080	581	83
19	5489	290	2080	57,180	5492	111	80	52	4952	298	2040	48,307	4952	125	70
20	52,799	914	2080	1,115,579	53,699	376	87	53	94,761	1372	2050	1,179,205	95,875	551	55
21	22,280	617	2060	238,132	22,394	259	99	54	17,363	529	2040	277,623	17,618	194	82
22	4491	272	2060	46,100	4561	115	111	55	5620	275	2040	56,202	5620	98	67
23	11,183	428	2050	88,739	11,295	168	103	56	8927	350	2040	89,270	8927	132	94
24	4036	283	2070	40,139	4036	121	68	57	8386	338	2040	124,095	8770	127	48
25	18,963	542	2070	366,684	19,153	222	99	58	14,730	514	2040	216,482	15,485	219	85
26	3180	210	2070	31,935	3181	82	84	59	31,773	682	2040	473,373	32,215	250	102
27	2923	205	2070	25,702	2947	73	105	60	12,113	461	2040	119,144	12,114	188	96
28	26,614	663	2070	385,145	27,099	277	97	61	6880	331	2040	67,692	6882	130	84
29	38,009	974	2070	644,855	40,667	435	82	62	6750	325	2040	6192	6750	131	287
30	59,916	1159	2070	854,743	62,725	481	80	63	3949	230	2040	37,997	3953	82	74
31	38,644	819	2070	380,831	38,739	276	84	64	10,375	396	2040	150,701	10,894	158	294
32	75,788	1064	2060	945,979	71,307	394	90	65	57,795	917	2040	268,379	58,132	335	57
33	69,004	1056	2060	1,101,558	73,009	426	94	66	135,308	1609	2040	1,067,844	136,610	669	44

Notes: Id: Identifier of hummock. Area (m²): The area in square meters of each hummock calculated in two dimensions. Perimeter (m): Length in meters of the hummocks’ contour. Height: The reference contour line value in meters from which the hummocks’ volumes were calculated. Volume (m³): The space in cubic meters occupied by each hummock calculated from the next lower contour line (Height). Superficial area (m²): The surface area in square meters of each hummock calculated in three dimensions. Length (major axis m): The length in meters of the major axis of each hummock. Strike (°): Direction or bearing relative to true north in degrees of the major axis of each hummock.

Figure 6. Mosaics of high-resolution images obtained from drone flights. The areas outside of the red polygon are references of the contrast in resolution of the information previously available for the study area. (a) Hillshade model; and (b) Rectified orthomosaic.

Ferrari, L., Orozco-Esquivel, T., Manea, V., & Manea, M. (2012). The dynamic history of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Mexico subduction zone. Tectonophysics, 522-523, 122–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.09.018

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CONAGUA. (2017). Información Estadística Climatológica de la estación 16087 ‘Pátzcuaro’, serie de datos de 1969 a 2016. Estación localizada en Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, México, en las coordenadas 19.516389° de latitud y -101.609722° de longitud. Comisión Nacional del Agua, México.

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