A brief overview on the use of probiotics to treat overweight and obese patients

Figures & data

Table 1. Human and animal studies of gut microbiota.

Author/Year	Type of Study	Investigated Mechanism	Study Result
Turnbaugh et al. 2006 [6]	Human study	Alteration in F/B ratio Methylation and expression of obesity and CVD related genes	Increased capacity to harvest energy as a result of hormonal changes
Haro et al.2016 [7]	Human study	Alteration in F/B ratio	Alteration through changes in Bacteroidetes in men and alteration through changes in Firmicutes in women
Turta et al.2016 [8]	Human/Animal study	Dysbiosis of the gut’s normal flora Interfering the development of gut microbiota	Transmission of maternal vaginal flora during delivery to the baby Childhood/life time central obesity as results of exposure to antibiotics during prenatal period
Del Chierico et al. 2014 [9]	Human study	Escalating the amount of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Prevotella and also reduced the amount of Clostridium	Obesity and deterioration of lipid profile while using Mediterranean diet
Reijnders et al. 2016 [11]	Human study	Upregulation of adipose tissue gene expression of oxidative pathways and downregulation of immune-related pathways	Antibiotic-induced obesity through gut microbiota dysbiosis
Sotoudegan et al. 2019 [5]	Animal study	Dysbiosis of the gut’s normal flora	Transmission of maternal flora or probiotics through lactation
Ley et al.2005 [12]	Animal study	Dysbiosis of the gut’s normal flora through maternal abundance of the dominant gut microbiota	Obesity and harvesting energy from carbohydrate-rich food
Bäckhed et al. 2007 [13]	Animal study	Expression Of AMPA And Fiaf	Weight gain from foods containing fat and carbohydrate

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Del Chierico F, Vernocchi P, Dallapiccola B, et al. Mediterranean diet and health: food effects on gut microbiota and disease control. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15(7):11678–11699.

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Reijnders D, Goossens G, Hermes D. Effects of gut microbiota manipulation by antibiotics on host metabolism in obese humans: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Cell Metab. 2016;24(1):63–74.

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Abenavoli L, Scarpellini E, Colica C, et al. Gut microbiota and obesity: a role for probiotics. Nutrients. 2019;11(11):2690.

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Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, et al. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(31):11070–11075.

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Bäckhed F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, et al. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(3):979–984.

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