Highlighting the effect of reduced training volume on maintaining hormonal adaptations obtained from periodized resistance training in sarcopenic older women

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic figure of stage 1 and 2.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics and sarcopenia index of each group (mean ± SD)*.

Group	Age	Body mass	Height	BMI	ASMI (kg/m2)	HGS (kg)	S (m/s)
MT1(n = 10) MT2 (n = 10) DT (n = 10) C (n = 10)	64.80 ± 3.01	70.20 ± 7.39	154.20 ± 6.25	29.58 ± 3.30	5.55 ± 0.69	16.30 ± 3.52	1.74 ± 0.20
	67.80 ± 3.79	71.20 ± 8.79	158.40 ± 5.46	28.36 ± 3.13	6.07 ± 0.81	17.20 ± 3.04	1.56 ± 0.24
	65.60 ± 3.13	65.20 ± 6.40	155.90 ± 3.21	26.88 ± 3.12	5.41 ± 0.60	17.80 ± 2.85	1.61 ± 0.16
	65.40 ± 2.27	63.40 ± 5.64	156.20 ± 4.91	26.10 ± 3.43	5.19 ± 0.56	15.70 ± 0.94	1.69 ± 0.16

*BMI=Body Mass Index; ASM I=Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Index; HGS= Hand Gripe Strength; S= Speed MT1= Maintenance Training 1 (twice-per-*week); MT2= Maintenance Training 2 (once-per-week); DT= Detraining; C= Control.

Table 2. Basal serum hormone concentrations at weeks 0, 8, and 12 (mean ± SD).

		MT1			MT2
Group	Week 0	week 8	week 12	Week 0	week 8	week 12
IGF-1(µg/l	9.47 ± 2.45	10.78 ± 2.48	13.55 ± 4.45^$	11.53 ± 3.09	11.73 ± 3.70	12.21 ± 3.40
MSTN (ng/l)	433.25 ± 76.10	347.82 ± 67.72*	314.58 ± 69.39^$	489.27 ± 340.22	425.04 ± 325.85*	453.54 ± 311.12
Fstn (ng/l)	8.95 ± 3.64	10.35 ± 4.06*	11.12 ± 4.06^#$	9.48 ± 2.24	9.79 ± 2.71	10.42 ± 2.30
Cort (µg/dl)	214.22 ± 72.36	177.57 ± 50.29*	171.60 ± 51.93^#$	215.88 ± 59.24	180.79 ± 41.29*	155.92 ± 27.33^#$
GH (ng/ml)	1.00 ± 0.77	1.28 ± 0.72*	1.55 ± 0.88^#$	1.06 ± 1.02	.39 ± 1.40*	1.63 ± 1.37 $

*IGF-1= Insulin like Growth Factor- 1; MSTN= Myostatin; Fstn=Folistatin; Cort=Cortisol; GH= Growth Hormone.

*Significant difference between week 0 & week 8 (within-group comparisons).

^#Significant difference between week 8 & week 12 (within-group comparisons).

^$Significant difference between week 0 & week 12 (within-group comparisons).

Table 3. Basal serum hormone concentrations at weeks 0, 8, and 12 (mean ± SD).

		DT			C
Group	Week 0	week 8	week 12	Week 0	week 8	week 12
IGF-1(µg/l	7.75 ± 2.96	11.21 ± 3.02*	7.87 ± 2.12^#	6.91 ± 0.95	7.90 ± 2.19	6.83 ± 1.11^#
MSTN (ng/l)	485.15 ± 337.21	445.07 ± 317.76*	496.56 ± 258.37	676.88 ± 402.54	750.81 ± 457.76^#	822.18 ± 468.66^$#
Fstn (ng/l)	8.45 ± 2.29	11.05 ± 3.31*	10.03 ± 3.09^#	9.28 ± 2.29	8.82 ± 2.28	8.47 ± 1.93^$
Cort (µg/dl)	240.27 ± 56.83	177.98 ± 40.09*	226.56 ± 44.26^#	222.74 ± 57.20	222.13 ± 66.00	234.83 ± 60.07^$
GH (ng/ml)	0.53 ± 0.45	0.89 ± 0.56*	0.63 ± 0.47^#	1.19 ± 0.86	1.31 ± 0.76^#	1.07 ± 0.87^#$

*IGF-1= Insulin like Growth Factor- 1; MSTN= Myostatin; Fstn=Folistatin; Cort=Cortisol; GH= Growth Hormone.

*Significant difference between week 0 & week 8 (within-group comparisons).

^#Significant difference between week 8 & week 12 (within-group comparisons).

^$Significant difference between week 0 & week 12 (within-group comparisons).

Figure 2. The results of the one-way analysis of variance test, the significant comparison of the mean difference between post-test 1 and post-test 2 serum levels of MSTN (ng/L) and Fstn (ng/L) in MT1, MT2, DT, C groups. * significance of MT1 with the control group; ** significance of MT2 with the control group; *** significance of DT with the control group; $ significance of MT1 with the DT group and # significance of MT2 with the DT group.

Figure 3. The results of the one-way analysis of variance test, the significant comparison of the mean difference between post-test 1 and post-test 2 serum levels of Fstn (ng/L) and cot (ng/L) in MT1, MT2, DT, C groups. * significance of MT1 with the control group; ** significance of MT2 with the control group; *** significance of DT with the control group; $ significance of MT1 with the DT group and # significance of MT2 with the DT group.

Figure 4. The results of the one-way analysis of variance test, the significant comparison of the mean difference between post-test 1 and post-test 2 serum levels of HJ (ng/L) in MT1, MT2, DT, C groups. * significance of MT1 with the control group; ** significance of MT2 with the control group; *** significance of DT with the control group; $ significance of MT1 with the DT group and # significance of MT2 with the DT group.

Data availability statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.