Glycaemic control and its associated factors among adult Omanis with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of means HbA1c in relation to socio-demographic characteristics.

Variable	n (%)	Mean (SD)	t	p
Gender
Male	62 (29.5)	9.1 (2.9)	1.7	0.09
Female	148 (70.5)	8.4 (2.3)
Marital Status
Single	113 (53.8)	9.3 (2.7)	5.0	< 0.001
Married	97 (46.2)	7.7 (2.0)
Has Children
No	130 (61.9)	9.0 (2.6)	3.7	< 0.001
Yes	80 (38.1)	7.8 (2.2)
Level of Education
Secondary or Less	108 (51.4)	9.1 (2.8)	3.0	0.003
Diploma or Higher	102 (48.6)	8.0 (2.0)
Employment Status
Unemployed	136 (64.8)	9.1 (2.6)	4.1	0.000
Employed	74 (35.2)	7.7 (2.0)
Admission in the Last Year
No	150 (71.4)	8.3 (2.3)	-2.3	0.03
Yes	60 (28.6)	9.2 (2.9)
Has Other Chronic Disease
No	162 (77.1)	8.6 (2.6)	-0.3	0.8
Yes	48 (22.9)	8.7 (2.4)
Family Member with DM
No	53 (25.2)	8.5 (2.1)	-0.3	0.8
Yes	157 (74.8)	8.6 (2.6)
HCP Family Member
No	126 (60)	8.9 (2.5)	2.2	0.03
Yes	84 (40)	8.1 (2.5)
Variable	n (%)	Mean (SD)	F	p
Age Group in Years
18 – 28	137 (65.2)	8.9 (2.7)	5.5	0.005
29 – 39	52 (24.8)	7.6 (1.9)
≥ 40	21 (10)	8.8 (2.3)
Monthly Income (OMR)
< 300	30 (14.3)	9.1 (2.6)	0.9	0.4
300 – 1000	122 (58.1)	8.5 (2.4)
> 1000	58 (27.6)	8.6 (2.7)
Period of DM Diagnosis
0 – 3	39 (18.6)	8.6 (2.4)	0.02	1.0
3.1 – 5	26 (12.4)	8.7 (2.6)
> 5.1	145 (69.0)	8.6 (2.6)
HbA1c Categories**
Optimal glycemic control	64 (30.5)	6.1 (0.55)	256	< 0.001
Medium glycemic control	70 (33.3)	8.0 (2.1)
Poor glycemic control	76 (36.2)	11.2 (2.5)

SD: Standard Deviation; HbA1c: Glycosylated Hemoglobin Control; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; HCP: Health Care Professional; OMR: Omani Riyal. * Statistically Significant p value < 0.05. ** HbA1c categories: Optimal glycemic control (<7%), Medium glycemic control (7% − 9%), Poor glycemic control (<9%).

Table 2. Pearson correlation between HbA1c and other continuous variables.

Variable	HbA1c	DSM	DSE	SS	DK
HbA1c	-
DSM	−0.191**	-
DSE	−0.086	0.265**	-
SS	−0.039	0.268**	0.319**	-
DK	−0.153*	0.151*	0.187**	0.179**	-

r: Pearson correlation; HbA1c: Glycosylated Hemoglobin Control; DSM: Diabetes Self-Management; SE: Self-Efficacy; SS: Social Support; DK: Diabetes Knowledge. * Correlation is significant at the level p < 0.05. ** Correlation is significant at the p < 0.01.

Table 3. Multiple Liner regression analysis for various potential predictors of HbA1c.

Variables	Unstandardized Coefficients		Standardized Beta	p	Collinearity Statistics
	B	SE			Tolerance	VIF
(Constant)	12.227	0.798		0.000
Marital status	− 1.541	0.447	− 0.307	0.001	0.503	1.988
Level of education	− 0.736	0.350	− 0.147	0.037	0.818	1.223
DSM	− 0.360	0.125	− 0.198	0.004	0.848	1.179
SS	− 0.801	0.314	− 0.172	0.012	0.880	1.136

DSM: Diabetes Self-Management, SS: Social Support.

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due [to restrictions by the Research and Ethics Committee in the College of Nursing at Sultan Qaboos University to protect the participants’ privacy] but are available from the Principal Investigator (RAH) on reasonable request.