Knowledge and attitude on the role of lifestyle modifications in the management of diabetes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Table 1. Items of questionnaire for demographics characteristics.

Demographics Characteristics
Gender	Male
	Female
Age	≥18
	Less than 18
Marital Status	Single
	Married
	Separated
	Widow
Educational Level	Primary School
	Middle School
	High School
	College
	University
	None
Employment Status	Employed
	Self-Employed
	Retired
	Unemployed
Work in the medical field	Yes
	No
Monthly Income (SAR*)	No Income
	Less than 5000
	5,000–9,999
	10,000–19,999
	20,000–39,999
	40,000–50,000
	More than 50,000
Have type 2 diabetes	Yes
	No
Family member with type 2 diabetes	Yes
	No
	Not Sure
Friend with type 2 diabetes	Yes
	No
	Not Sure
Following a specific type of diet	Yes
	No

*SAR: Saudi Riyal (the currency of Saudi Arabia) = 0.267 USD.

Table 2. Items of questionnaire assessing the participant knowledge.

Question	Response
I know what type 2 diabetes illness is	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the main hormone that plays a major role in type 2 diabetes	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of obesity on developing T2D	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of high blood pressure on developing T2D	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I believe type 2 diabetes is inherited	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of alcohol consumption on developing T2D	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of consuming cinnamon on the blood sugar	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of consuming red meat on type 2 diabetes	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of consuming salt on type 2 diabetes patients	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of eating fruits on type 2 diabetes patients	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know how many calories I should eat a day to prevent the development of risk factors that lead to type 2 diabetes	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of cardiovascular exercises on type 2 diabetes patients	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I believe that patients with type 2 diabetes need to avoid carbs	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of taking supplements that contain Magnesium on type 2 diabetes	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of consuming apple cider vinegar on type 2 diabetes	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree
I know the effect of consuming ginseng on type 2 diabetes	Strongly agree	Agree	Neutral	Disagree	Strongly disagree

Table 3. Items of questionnaire assessing participant attitude.

Question	Response
How often do you do physical activity weekly? e.g. walking, running, outdoor bicycle etc …	Never	1–2 days	3–4 days	5–6 days	Everyday
How much red meat do you consume weekly	Never	Once/Twice	Three/Four times	Five/Six times	Everyday
How much do you do strength exercises weekly, e.g. lifting weights, push-ups, squats, etc.?	Never	1–2 days	3–4 days	5–6 days	Everyday
How often do you visit a physician to monitor blood glucose levels	Never	Every 9–12 months	Every 5–8 months	Every 2–4 months	Monthly
How often do you drink alcohol weekly	Never	Once/Twice	Three/Four times	Five/Six times	Everyday
How often do you have breakfast weekly	Never	Once/Twice	Three/Four times	Five/Six times	Everyday

Table 4. General characteristics of participants (n = 406).

Demographics Characteristic	Category	N	%
Gender	Male Female	199 207	49 51
Age	≥18	406	100
Marital Status	Single Married Separated Widow	238 149 13 6	58.6 36.7 3.2 1.5
Educational Level	Primary School Middle School High School College University None	0 5 58 47 293 3	0 1.2 14.3 11.6 72.2 0.7
Employment Status	Employed Self-Employed Retired Unemployed	118 20 46 222	29.1 4.9 11.3 54.7
Work in the medical field	Yes No	63 343	15.5 84.5
Monthly Income (SAR*)	No Income Less than 5000 5,000–9,999 10,000–19,999 20,000–39,999 40,000–50,000 More than 50,000	107 140 52 64 28 9 6	26.4 34.5 12.8 15.8 6.9 2.2 1.5
Have type 2 diabetes	Yes No	35 371	8.6 91.4
Family member with type 2 diabetes	Yes No Not Sure	213 127 66	52.5 31.1 16.3
Friend with type 2 diabetes	Yes No Not Sure	143 176 87	35.2 43.3 21.4
Following a specific type of diet	Yes No	57 349	14 86

*SAR: Saudi Riyal (the currency of Saudi Arabia) = 0.267 USD.

Table 5. Mean, standard deviation, and significance of the scores of participant response in knowledge and attitude.

Variables	Knowledge (Mean ± SD)	Attitude (Mean ± SD)
Gender Male Female P-value	51.9 (± 12.5) 53.1 (± 10.1) 0.280	12.1 (±2.9) 11.8 (±2.5) 0.250
Work in the medical field Yes No P-value	58.5 (± 10.3) 51.8 (± 11.4) 0.001	12.2 (±2.7) 11.9 (±2.7) 0.510
Educational Level None Primary school Middle school High school College University P-value	46.7 (± 18.3) - 54.4 (± 4.3) 51.8 (± 12.2) 54.5 (± 10.7) 52.3 (± 11.3) 0.626	13.3 (± 1.5) - 12.2 (±1.9) 11.7 (± 2.8) 12.14 (± 2.5) 11.9 (± 2.8) 0.824
Following any specific type of diet Yes No P-value	56.8 (± 9.3) 51.8 (± 11.8) 0.001	13.3 (± 2.9) 11.7 (± 2.6) 0.001
Diabetic Status Diabetic Non-Diabetic P-value	59.0 (± 7.2) 51.9 (± 11.4) 0.001	13.2 (± 2.4) 11.8 (± 2.7) 0.002
Family member with type 2 diabetes Yes No Not sure P-value	54.4 (± 10.7) 51.2 (± 11.3) 48.9 (± 12.2) 0.033	11.7 (±2.5) 12.1 (± 2.9) 12.4 (± 2.9) 0.391
Friend with type 2 diabetes Yes No Not sure P-value	55 (± 10.5) 51.7 (± 11.7) 49.9 (± 11.0) 0.027	12.4 (± 2.8) 11.5 (± 2.7) 12.1 (± 2.5) 0.016

Data availability statement

The raw data used to produce this manuscript is available upon request.