Figures & data
Table 1. Serum biomarkers in psoriasis: elevation in comparison with healthy controls, correlation with disease activity according to PASI, and modulation by effective treatment.
Table 2. Serum biomarkers in IBD levels: elevation in comparison with healthy controls, correlation with disease activity according to CDAI, SCCAI, or endoscopic activity, modulation by effective treatment, and outcome of structural damage.
Benhamou M, Gossec L, Dougados M. Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein in ankylosing spondylitis and evaluation of the NSAIDs/coxibs’ treatment effect on C-reactive protein. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:536–541. Visvanathan S, Wagner C, Marini JC, et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, disease activity and spinal disease measures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after treatment with infliximab. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:511–517. Beygi S, Lajevardi V, Abedini R. C-reactive protein in psoriasis: a review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28:700–711. Gisondi P, Malerbai M, Malara G, et al. C-reactive protein and markers for thrombophilia in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2010;23:1195–1202. Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Rebelo I, et al. The inflammatory response in mild and in severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:917–928. Coimbra S, Oliveira H, Reis F, et al. Interleukin (IL)-22, IL-17, IL-23, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-α levels in patients with psoriasis before, during and after psoralen-ultraviolet A and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1282–1290. Arican O, Aral M, Sasmaz S, et al. Serum levels of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-18 in patients with active psoriasis and correlation with disease severity. Mediators Inflamm. 2005;2005:273–279. Bonifati C, Trento E, Carducci M, et al. Soluble E-selectin and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor (60 kD) serum levels in patients with psoriasis. Dermatology. 1995;190:128–131. Serwin AB, Sokolowska M, Chodynicka B. Tumour necrosis factor a (TNF- alpha)-converting enzyme (TACE) and soluble TNF- a receptor type 1 in psoriasis patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007;23:130–134. Borská L, Fiala Z, Krejsek J, et al. Selected immunological changes in patients with sICAM-1 and IL-8. Physiol Res. 2006;55:699–706. Elghandour TM, Youssef SES, Aly DG, et al. Effect of narrow band ultraviolet b therapy versus methotrexate on serum levels of interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 in Egyptian patients with severe psoriasis. Dermatol Res Pract. 2013;2013:618269. Caproni M, Antiga E, Melani L, et al. Serum levels of IL-17 and IL-22 are reduced by etanercept, but not by acitretin, in patients with psoriasis: a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29:210–214. Flisiak I, Klepacki A, Chodynicka B. Plasma and scales levels of interleukin 18 in comparison with other possible clinical and laboratory biomarkers of psoriasis activity. Biomarkers. 2006;11:194–200. Gangemi S, Merendino RA, Guarneri F, et al. Serum levels of interleukin-18 and s-ICAM-1 in patients affected by psoriasis : preliminary considerations. Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17:42–46. Shimauchi T, Hirakawa S, Suzuki T, et al. Serum interleukin-22 and vascular endothelial growth factor serve as sensitive biomarkers but not as predictors of therapeutic response to biologics in patients with psoriasis. J Dermatol. 2013;40:805–812. Czech W, Schopf E, Kapp A. Soluble E-selectin in sera of patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis-correlation with disease activity. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:17–21. Szepietowski J, Wa F, Bielicka E, et al. Soluble E-selectin serum levels correlate with disease activity in psoriatic patients. Exp Dermatol. 1999;24:33–36. Krasowska D, Chodorowska G, Kozioł M, et al. Plasma levels of sICAM-1 in patients affected by psoriasis: no relation to disease severity. Med Sci Monit. 2000;6:353–355. Madej A, Reich A, Orda A, et al. Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is overexpressed in psoriatic patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:72–78. Nemati H, Khodarahmi R, Rahmani A, et al. Serum lipid profile in psoriatic patients: correlation between vascular adhesion protein 1 and lipoprotein (a). Cell Biochem Funct. 2013;31(February 2012):36–40. Schonthaler HB, Guinea-Viniegra J, Wculek SK, et al. S100A8-S100A9 protein complex mediates psoriasis by regulating the expression of complement factor C3. Immunity. 2013;39:1171–1181. Benoit S, Toksoy A, Ahlmann M, et al. Elevated serum levels of calcium-binding S 100 proteins A 8 and A 9 reflect disease activity and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes in psoriasis. Clin Lab Investig. 2006;7:62–66. Ataseven A, Kesli R, Kurtipek GS, et al. Assessment of lipocalin 2, clusterin, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, interleukin-6, homocysteine, and uric acid levels in patients with psoriasis. Dis Markers. 2014;2014:541709. El-Hadidi H, Samir N, Shaker OG, et al. Estimation of tissue and serum lipocalin-2 in psoriasis vulgaris and its relation to metabolic syndrome. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306:239–245. Romaní J, Caixàs A, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, et al. Circulating levels of lipocalin-2 and retinol-binding protein-4 are increased in psoriatic patients and correlated with baseline PASI. Arch Dermatol Res. 2013;305:105–112. Jansen PAM, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Hollox EJ, et al. Beta-defensin-2 protein is a serum biomarker for disease activity in psoriasis and reaches biologically relevant concentrations in lesional skin. PLoS One. 2009;4:e4725. Gambichler T, Bechara FG, Scola N, et al. Serum levels of antimicrobial peptides and proteins do not correlate with psoriasis severity and are increased after treatment with fumaric acid esters. Arch Dermatol Res. 2012;304:471–474. Johnston A, Arnadottir S, Gudjonsson JE, et al. Obesity in psoriasis: leptin and resistin as mediators of cutaneous inflammation. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:342–350. Kawashima K, Torii K, Furuhashi T, et al. Phototherapy reduces serum resistin levels in psoriasis patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2011;27:152–155. Ozdemir M, Yüksel M, Gökbel H, et al. Serum leptin, adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin levels in psoriatic patients treated with cyclosporin. J Dermatol. 2012;39:443–448. Baran A, Flisiak I, Jaroszewicz J, et al. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in psoriatic patients according to topical treatment. J Dermatolog Treat. 2014;6634:1–5. Zhu K-J, Zhang C, Li M, et al. Leptin levels in patients with psoriasis: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2013;38:478–483. Oh YJ, Lim HK, Choi JH, et al. Serum leptin and adiponectin levels in Korean patients with psoriasis. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:729–734. Shibata S, Saeki H, Tada Y, et al. Serum high molecular weight adiponectin levels are decreased in psoriasis patients. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;55:62–63. Shibata S, Tada Y, Hau C, et al. Adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory factor in the pathogenesis of psoriasis: induction of elevated serum adiponectin levels following therapy. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:667–670. Ucak H, Demir B, Cicek D, et al. Metabolic changes and serum ghrelin level in patients with psoriasis. Dermatol Res Pract. 2014;2014:1–6. Karadag AS, Ertugrul DT, Kalkan G, et al. The effect of acitretin treatment on insulin resistance, retinol-binding protein-4, leptin, and adiponectin in psoriasis vulgaris: a noncontrolled study. Dermatology. 2013;227:103–108. Bhushan M, McLaughlin B, Weiss JB, et al. Levels of endothelial cell stimulating angiogenesis factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:1054–1060. Flisiak I, Zaniewski P, Rogalska-Taranta M, et al. Effect of psoriasis therapy on VEGF and its soluble receptors serum concentrations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2012;26:302–307. Meki A-RMA, Al-Shobaili H. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β1, and nitric oxide levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: their correlation to disease severity. J Clin Lab Anal. 2014;28:496–501. Tekin NS, Ilter N, Sancak B, et al. Nitric oxide levels in patients with psoriasis treated with methotrexate. Mediators Inflamm. 2006;2006:1–5. Zalewska A, Wyczółkowska J, Narbutt J, et al. Nitric oxide levels in plasma and fibroblast cultures of psoriasis vulgaris patients. J Dermatol Sci. 2007;48:237–240. Poullis AP, Zar S, Sundaram KK, et al. A new, highly sensitive assay for C-reactive protein can aid the differentiation of inflammatory bowel disorders from constipation- and diarrhoea-predominant functional bowel disorders. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14:409–412. Gustot T, Lemmers A, Louis E, et al. Profile of soluble cytokine receptors in Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2005;54:488–495. Sachar D, Smith H, Chan S, et al. Erythrocytic sedimentation rate as a measure of clinical activity in iflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986;8:647–650. Herrlinger KR, Dittmann R, Weitz G, et al. Serum procalcitonin differentiates inflammatory bowel disease and self-limited colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:229–233. Oussalah A, Laurent V, Bruot O, et al. Additional benefit of procalcitonin to C-reactive protein to assess disease activity and severity in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32:1135–1144. Koutroubakis IE, Petinaki E, Dimoulios P, et al. Increased serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2003;18:254–259. Erzin Y, Uzun H, Karatas A, et al. Serum YKL-40 as a marker of disease activity and stricture formation in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23(8 Pt 2):e357–62. Gross V, Andus T, Caesar I, et al. Evidence for continuous stimulation of interleukin-6 production in Crohn ’s disease. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:514–519. Nancey S, Hamzaoui N, Moussata D, et al. Serum interleukin-6, soluble interleukin-6 receptor and Crohn’s disease activity. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:242–247. Malícková K, Kalousová M, Fucíková T, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of biological treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: calprotectin and IL-6 changes do not correspond to sRAGE changes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70:294–299. Goke M, Hoffmann JC, Evers J, et al. Elevated serum concentrations of soluble selectin and immunoglobulin type adhesion molecules in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:480–486. Song WB, Lv YH, Zhang ZS, et al. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, D-lactate and diamine oxidase in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:3916–3919. Magro F, Araujo F, Pereira P, et al. Soluble selectins, sICAM, sVCAM, and angiogenic proteins in different activity groups of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2004;49(7–8):1265–1274. Rodrigues VS, Milanski M, Fagundes JJ, et al. Serum levels and mesenteric fat tissue expression of adiponectin and leptin in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;170:358–364. Weigert J, Obermeier F, Neumeier M, et al. Circulating levels of chemerin and adiponectin are higher in ulcerative colitis and chemerin is elevated in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16:630–637. Karmiris K, Koutroubakis IE, Xidakis C, et al. The effect of infliximab on circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:789–794. Karmiris K, Koutroubakis IE, Kouroumalis EA. Leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin–implications for inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008;52:855–866. Karmiris K, Koutroubakis IE, Xidakis C, et al. Circulating levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:100–105. Franchimont D, Roland S, Gustot T, et al. Impact of infliximab on serum leptin levels in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3510–3516. Ates Y, Degertekin B, Erdil A, et al. Serum ghrelin levels in inflammatory bowel disease with relation to disease activity and nutritional status. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:2215–2221. Sung EZH, Da Silva NF, Goodyear S, et al. Increased plasma ghrelin following infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29:83–89. Kader N, El-Din F, Khatab E, et al. Does plasma resistin level have a role in predicting inflammatory bowel disease activity? Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29:126–127. Konrad A, Lehrke M, Schachinger V, et al. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19:1070–1074. Morisaki T, Takeshima F, Fukuda H, et al. High serum vaspin concentrations in patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59:315–321. Manolakis AC, Kapsoritakis AN, Georgoulias P, et al. Moderate performance of serum S100A12, in distinguishing inflammatory bowel disease from irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10:118. Brinar M, Cleynen I, Coopmans T, et al. Serum S100A12 as a new marker for inflammatory bowel disease and its relationship with disease activity. Gut. 2010;59:1728–1730. Schimid KW, Lugering N, Stoll R, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the calcium-binding proteins MRP8 and MRP14 and their heterodimer (27E 10 Antigen) in Crohn ’ s disease. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:334–337. Leach ST, Yang Z, Messina I, et al. Serum and mucosal S100 proteins, calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) and S100A12, are elevated at diagnosis in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:1321–1331. Janas RM, Ochocińska A, Snitko R, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in blood in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29:1883–1889. Yeşil A, Gönen C, Senateş E, et al. Relationship between neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels and inflammatory bowel disease type and activity. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:2587–2593. Kim JM. Antimicrobial proteins in intestine and inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res. 2014;12:20–33. Yamaguchi N, Isomoto H, Mukae H, et al. Concentrations of alpha- and beta-defensins in plasma of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Res. 2009;58:192–197. Zissis M, Afroudakis A, Galanopoulos G, et al. B2 microglobulin: is it a reliable marker of activity in inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2177–2183. Yılmaz B, Köklü S, Yüksel O, et al. Serum beta 2-microglobulin as a biomarker in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:10916–10920. Dotan I. New serologic markers for inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis. Dig Dis. 2010;28:418–423. Kuna AT. Review Serological markers of inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Med. 2013;23:28–42. Prideaux L, De Cruz P, Ng SC, et al. Serological antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1340–1355. Peeters M, Ph D, Joossens S, et al. Diagnostic value of anti- saccharomyces cerevisiae and antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:731–734. Esters N, Vermeire S, Joossens S, et al. Serological markers for prediction of response to anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1458–1462. Smith BRK, Arnott IDR, Drummond HE, et al. Disease location, anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibody, and NOD2/CARD15 genotype influence the progression of disease behavior in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:521–528.