Lessons to be learned from serum biomarkers in psoriasis and IBD – the potential role in SpA

Figures & data

Table 1. Serum biomarkers in psoriasis: elevation in comparison with healthy controls, correlation with disease activity according to PASI, and modulation by effective treatment.

Biomarker	Elevation in comparison with healthy controls	Correlation with disease activity measured PASI	Treatment response	References
CRP	+	+/−	+/−	[14–16,50–53]
ESR	+	NA	NA	[54]
TNFα	+	NA	+	[55,56]
TNFα-R1	+	+/−	NA	[55,57–59]
IFNγ	+	NA	NA	[56]
IL-8	+	-	NA	[55,56,60]
IL-12	+/−	+	NA	[56]
IL-17	+/−	+	+	[55,56,61,62]
IL-18*	+	+	+	[56,63,64]
IL-22	+	+	+	[55,62,65]
E-selectin	+	+/−	NA	[57,60,66,67]
ICAM-1*	+	+	+/−	[57,60,64,66,68]
VAP-1	+	−	−	[69–71]
S100A8/A9(calprotectin)	+	+	NA	[72,73]
LCN-2	+	+/−	−	[58,74–76]
hBD-2	+	+	+/−	[77,78]
Resistin	+	+/−	+/−	[79–81]
Leptin	+	−	−	[79,80,82–85]
Adiponectin	−	+/−	+/−	[80,82–84,86,87]
Ghrelin	+	+	−	[80,88]
RBP-4	+	+	−	[76,83]
VEGF	+	+	+/−	[55,65,89–91]
Nitric oxide	+	+/−	+	[90,92–94]

CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hBD-2: human beta-defensin-2; ICAM-1: intracellular adhesion molecule-1; IFNγ: interferon gamma; IL: interleukin; LCN-2: lipocalin-2; NA: not applicable; RBP-4: retinol binding protein-4; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TNFα-R1: tumor necrosis factor alpha-receptor 1; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VAP-1: vascular adhesion protein-1.

*Plasma and serum

Table 2. Serum biomarkers in IBD levels: elevation in comparison with healthy controls, correlation with disease activity according to CDAI, SCCAI, or endoscopic activity, modulation by effective treatment, and outcome of structural damage.

Biomarker	Elevation In comparison with healthy controls	Correlation with disease activity measured by CDAI or SCCAI or endoscopic activity	Treatment response	Outcome structural damage	References
CRP	+	+	+	+	[114–121]
ESR	+	+	NA	NA	[114,128]
Procalcitonin	+	+/−	NA	NA	[125–127]
YKL-40	+/−	+	NA	+/−	[122–124]
IL-6	+	+/−	NA	NA	[131–133,156]
ICAM-1	+/−	−	+	NA	[134–138]
E-selectin	+	−	−	NA	[134–138]
VCAM	+/−	−	−	NA	[134–136]
Adiponectin	+	−	−	NA	[145–147,149,184]
Leptin	+/−	−	+/−	NA	[145,146,148,149,184]
Ghrelin*	+	+	+	+/−	[139–141,146]
Resistin*	+	+/−	+	NA	[142,143,146,149]
Vaspin	+/−	−	NA	NA	[144]
S100A12	+	+/−	+	NA	[150,151]
S100A8/A9	+	NA	NA	+	[152–155]
LCN-2	+	+	NA	NA	[166–168]
hBD-2*	−	−	NA	NA	[169,170]
β2-M	+	+	NA	NA	[171,172]
ASCA	+	+	−	+	[173,175,177,178,181,182]
pANCA	+	−	+	−	[173–178,181,182]

ASCA: anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies; β2-M: β2-microglobulin; CDAI: Crohn’s disease activity index; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hBD-2: human beta-defensin-2; HNP: human neutrophil peptides; IL: interleukin; LCN-2: lipocalin-2; NA: not applicable; pANCA: perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; SCCAI: simple clinical colitis activity index; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.

*Plasma and serum.

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