Contextual factors influencing voluntary organizations’ inclusiveness and individual participation in leisure activities: The Case of Norway

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of statistics items in the inclusion index (sorted).

Item	Mean	Sd
v5 Prefer to give a good offer to those already active (recoded)	7.71	2.36
v4 We do not have resources to prioritize the recruitment of children and youth (recoded)	7.60	2.51
v3 Come from homes with good economy (recoded)	6.63	2.37
v7 Participate even if the parents do not pay member fees	6.84	3.33
v2 Willing to adjust activity	6.17	2.76
v1 Work toward recruiting children and youth that do not participate	5.42	3.06
v6 Work toward recruiting children and youth with minority background	4.29	2.69

Table 2. Indicators in the Socio-Economic Status (SES) index.

Question	Items	Points
Does your family own a car?	No Yes, one Yes, two or more	0 2 3
Do you have your own bedroom?	Yes No	3 0
In the last year, how many times have you gone on vacation to a place with your family?	None Once Twice More than twice	0 1 2 3
How many computers does your family own?	None One Two More than two	0 1 2 3
Number of books in household	No books Between 100 and 500 More than 1000 books	0 1,5 3
Parental education	Neither parents have higher education One parent has higher education Both parents have higher education	0 1,5 3

Table 3. Summary of statistics for the variables in the analyses.

Variable	N**	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Pctl. 25	Pctl. 75	Max
Organizational level
Inclusion index (DV)	1906	6.41	1.39	1.571	5.429	7.429	10
Number of volunteers*	1991	54.355	176.639	0	10	40	4500
Has paid employees	2240	0.264	0.441	0	0	1	1
Individual level Participation Leisure Activities(0/1, DV) Gender Socio-economic Status Grade level	628 678 628 678 628 678 628 678	0.75 1.49 2.26 3.02	0.43 0.49 0.42 1.53	0 1 0 1	1 1 2.01 2	1 2 2.58 4	1 2 3 6
Municipal level
Share population immigr-ant background	282	16.15	6.225	2.78	11.4	18.64	34.71
Gini index Post-tax income	282	23.484	2.73	18.3	21.5	24.3	32
Municipal expenditures children	282	0.821	0.258	0	0.6	1	2.3

Notes: *Due to the skewed distribution, we took the log of this variable when included in the regression analyses.

** In the analyses N varies depending on the variables and levels involved. Here we describe the variables in each data set.

Table 4. Mixed effect model: organizational inclusiveness index and contextual factors across municipalities.

	(1) Null model	(2) Fixed	(3) Fixed	(4) Fixed
		Effects	Effects	Effects
			Level-1	Level-1 Level-2
			Random	Predictors
			Effects	Cross-levels
				Interactions
				Random
				Effects
	Inclusion Index	Inclusion Index	Inclusion Index	Inclusion Index
Fixed-effects
Number of volunteers (ln)		0.106***	0.098***	0.284
		(0.028)	(0.029)	(0.303)
Paid employees (1)		0.406***	0.415***	0.787
		(0.077)	(0.079)	(0.827)
Municipal expenditures children				0.091
				(0.347)
Gini Index				-0.001
				(0.049)
Share population immigrant background				-0.001
				(0.022)
Number of volunteers (ln)# Gini index				-0.001
				(0.015)
Number of volunteers (ln)# Share population immigrant background				-0.005
				(0.006)
Number of volunteers (ln)# Municipal expenditures children				-0.026
				(0.108)
Paid employees (1) # Gini Index				-0.048
				(0.041)
				0.032*
Paid employees(1) # Share population immigrant background				(0.018)
Paid employees (1) # Municipal expenditures children				0.327
				(0.324)
cons	6.420***	6.021***	6.050***	5.997***
	(0.034)	(0.089)	(0.091)	(0.959)
Random Effects
Var(residuals)	1.916	1.828	1.808	1.802
	(0.064)	(0.064)	(0.064)	(0.063)
Var(constant)	0.134	0.011	0.000	0.000
	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Municipal expenditures children			0.000	0.000
			(0.000)	(0.000)
Gini Index			0.000	0.000
			(0.001)	(0.001)
Share population immigrant			0.000	0.000
			(0.000)	(0.000)
N organizations	1906	1906	1906	1906
N Municipalities	291	282	282	282
ICC	0.007	0.006	0.000	0.00
	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.000)	(0.000)

Sd. in parentheses.

*p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.

Table 5. Mixed effect model: children and young’s levels of participation in leisure activities and contextual factors across municipalities.

		(1) Null Model	(2) Fixed	(3) Fixed	(4) Fixed
			Effects	Effects	Effects
			Level-1	Level-1	Level-1
				Random	Level-2
				Effects	Predictors
					Cross-levels
					Interactions
					Random
					Effects
		Participation	Participation	Participation	Participation
		Organized	Organized	Organized	Organized
		Leisure	Leisure	Leisure	Leisure
Fixed Effects			0.148***	0.154***	0.213***
Socio-economic status (SES)			(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.029)
Gender (girls)			0.000	0.003	0.003*
			(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Grade Level^i
9. Grade			0.007**	0.010**	0.010***
			(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
10. Grade			-0.084***	0.084***	-0.084***
			(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
First year High School			-0.186***	-0.186***	-0.186***
			(0.0003)	(0.0003)	(0.003)
Second year High School			-0.253***	-0.253***	-0.253***
			(0-003)	(0-003)	(0.003)
Third year High School			-0.314	-0.314	-0.314***
			(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Municipal expenditures children					0.017
					(0.027)
Gini Index					0.010***
					(0.003)
Share population immigrant background					-0.004***
					(0.001)
Share population immigrant background#SES					0.000
					(0.000)
Municipal expenditures children#SES					0.008
					(0.011)
Gini Index#SES					-0.003**
					(0.001)
Cons		0.572***	0.531***	0.502***	0.321***
		(0.196)	(0.006)	(0.008)	(0.078)
Random Effects
Var(cons)		0.101	0.001	0.000	0.000
		(0.010)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Var(residuals)		0.183	0.171	0.171	0.171
		(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Municipal expenditures children				0.000	0.000
				(0.000)	(0.000)
Gini Index				0.000	0.000
				(0.000)	(0.000)
Share population immigrant				0.000	0.000
				(0.000)	(0.000)
Inclusion Index Aggregated				0.000	0.000
				(0.000)	(0.000)
N Individuals		175,007	175,007	175,007	175,007
N Municipalities		160	160	160	160
ICC		0.355 (0.235)	0.009 (0.001)	0.006 (0.001)	0.006 (0.002)

Sd. in parentheses.

*p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.

ⁱ 8. Grade (age 13–14) is the reference category.