Gender differentials in the impact of parental death: Adolescent's sexual behaviour and risk of HIV infection in rural South Africa

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics by orphan status, females

	n (% orphaned)	Univariable			Multivariable
		OR	[95%	CI]	aOR	[95%	CI]
Age 2006
15	838(40.6)	0.96	0.79	1.18	1.02	0.80	1.30
16	886(41.5)	1.00	0.82	1.22	1.13	0.90	1.42
17	867(38.9)	0.87	0.71	1.07	0.95	0.76	1.19
18	817(43.3)	1.07	0.88	1.31	1.11	0.88	1.38
19	717(41.7)	1.00
Wealth quintiles
First quintile	670(40.6)	1.00
Second quintile	748(40.6)	0.93	0.75	1.14	1.04	0.84	1.29
Third quintile	748(42.0)	0.92	0.75	1.13	1.17	0.95	1.46
Fourth quintile	783(42.8)	0.99	0.81	1.21	1.19	0.95	1.48
Fifth quintile	646(36.8)	0.72	0.58	0.90	0.93	0.72	1.20
Self-perceived financial status
Poor	1332(43.5)	1.00
Medium	1916(39.5)	0.82	0.72	0.95	0.82	0.71	0.96
Comfortable	320(37.5)	0.76	0.59	0.97	0.83	0.63	1.11
Don't know/Refused/Missing	27(29.6)	0.54	0.23	1.24	0.55	0.24	1.28
Education attainment
Secondary	2607(38.4)	1.00
LOY/NWS	21(57.1)	1.77	0.72	4.39
Primary	642(44.4)	1.33	1.11	1.59
Tertiary	22(40.9)	1.10	0.47	2.58
Don't know/Refused/Missing	833(46.9)	1.42	1.21	1.66
Economic activity
In school	2888(39.2)	1.00
Not in school, but employed	20(50.0)	1.56	0.64	3.81
Not in school & unemployed	431(43.6)	1.18	0.95	1.46
DKN/RFS /MIS	786(46.7)	1.34	1.14	1.57
Schooling status
Right grade	1781(37.3)	1.00
LOY/NWS	8(50.0)	1.67	0.42	6.70	1.79	0.44	7.27
Below grade	1062(42.0)	1.27	1.08	1.50	1.20	1.02	1.43
Unemployed (not in school)	20(50.0)	1.65	0.68	4.03	1.69	0.69	4.14
Employed (not in school)	431(43.6)	1.27	1.02	1.58	1.27	1.02	1.59
DKN/RFS/MIS	823(46.9)	1.49	1.26	1.76	1.78	1.39	2.29
Place of residency
Urban	260(40.8)	1.00
Rural	3865(41.2)	0.97	0.74	1.28	1.23	0.82	1.86
Note: The referent group are adolescents who have lost one or both parents (orphaned) compared to those with both parents alive (non-orphaned). LOY/NWS = Less than one year/Never went to school; DKN/RFS/MIS = Don't know/refused/missing.

Table 2. Socio-demographic characteristics by orphan status, Males

	n (% orphaned)	Univariable			Multivariable
		OR	[95%	CI]	aOR	[95%	CI]
Age 2006
15	848 (39.9)	0.97	0.79	1.18	0.90	0.71	1.14
16	922 (43.8)	1.11	0.91	1.35	1.04	0.83	1.30
17	860 (42.8)	1.08	0.89	1.32	1.13	0.91	1.41
18	780 (43.8)	1.11	0.90	1.36	1.11	0.89	1.38
19	739 (41.7)	1.00
Wealth quintiles
First quintile	598 (44.3)	1.00
Second quintile	793 (43.1)	1.02	0.82	1.26	1.08	0.87	1.34
Third quintile	778 (42.8)	1.05	0.85	1.30	1.14	0.91	1.42
Fourth quintile	812 (41.5)	0.92	0.74	1.13	1.00	0.80	1.25
Fifth quintile	647 (39.4)	0.86	0.69	1.07	1.02	0.79	1.32
Self-perceived financial status
Poor	1321 (46.1)	1.00
Medium	1986 (39.8)	0.76	0.66	0.88	0.77	0.66	0.90
Comfortable	289 (41.5)	0.83	0.64	1.07	0.89	0.67	1.19
Don't know/Refused/Missing	32 (37.5)	0.64	0.30	1.34	0.61	0.29	1.29
Education attainment
Secondary	2272 (39.3)	1.00
LOY/NWS	34 (52.9)	1.84	0.94	3.60	2.22	0.49	10.04
Primary	1075 (44.5)	1.33	1.14	1.55	1.27	1.09	1.49
Tertiary	16 (25.0)	0.52	0.17	1.62	3.97	1.37	11.44
Don't know/Refused/Missing	752 (48.9)	1.54	1.30	1.82	1.08	0.83	1.41
Economic activity
In school	3140 (41.0)	1.00
Not in school, but employed	16 (68.7)	3.67	1.28	10.54
Not in school & unemployed	276 (40.6)	1.00	0.78	1.29
Don't know/Refused/Missing	717 (48.5)	1.38	1.17	1.62
Schooling status
Right grade	1538 (38.5)	1.00
LOY/NWS	7 (57.1)	2.10	0.47	9.45	2.22	0.49	10.04
Below grade	1573 (43.4)	1.29	1.11	1.51	1.27	1.09	1.49
Unemployed (not in school)	16 (68.7)	3.97	1.38	11.41	3.97	1.37	11.44
Employed (not in school)	276 (40.6)	1.11	0.86	1.45	1.08	0.83	1.41
Don't know/Refused/Missing	739 (48.6)	1.58	1.32	1.89	2.53	1.90	3.38
Place of residency
Urban	214 (37.4)	1.00
Rural	3935 (42.7)	1.26	0.95	1.68	1.25	0.82	1.92
Note: The referent group are adolescents who have lost one or both parents (orphaned) compared to those with both parents alive (non-orphaned).LOY/NWS = Less than one year/Never went to school; DKN/RFS/MIS = Don't know/refused/missing.

Table 3. Multivariate analysis of sexual behaviour patterns and risks by orphan type, Females

	Maternal		Paternal		Dual
	N (% orphan)	aOR (95% CI)	N (% orphan)	aOR (95% CI)	N (% orphan)	aOR (95% CI)
Ever had sex	455 (28)	1.32	560 (41)	1.26	403 (18)	1.37
		(1.07–1.62)		(1.06–1.49)		(1.05–1.78)
Regular partner	598 (28)	1.23	735 (42)	1.29	523 (18)	1.22
		(0.98–1.53)		(1.07–1.54)		(0.92–1.61)
Casual partner	27 (30)	1.36	32 (41)	1.21	23 (17)	1.21
		(0.59–3.14)		(0.59–2.47)		(0.40–3.63)
Ever Pregnant^a	247 (29)	0.97	301 (42)	1.00	219 (20)	0.89
		(0.67–1.38)		(0.74–1.35)		(0.57–1.39)
HIV unknown	1048 (24)	0.99	1228 (35)	0.91	935 (14)	1.01
		(0.82–1.19)		(0.78–1.06)		(0.79–1.28)
HIV positive	158 (30)	1.49	190 (42)	1.22	139 (21)	1.74
		(1.03–2.15)		(0.90–1.67)		(1.11–2.73)
HIV negative	1638 (23)	0.67	1989 (36)	0.82	1461 (13)	0.57
		(0.47–0.97)		(0.60–1.11)		(0.37–0.90)
Note: Table presents multivariate analyses of each variable adjusted for age, economic status, educational attainment, and residency. Reference category is non-orphans (both parents alive) in all cases.
^aAmong those who have ever had sex.

Table 4. Multivariate analysis of sexual behaviour patterns and risks by orphan type, Males

	Maternal		Paternal		Dual
	N (% orphan)	aOR (95% CI)	N (% orphan)	aOR (95% CI)	N (% orphan)	aOR (95% CI)
Ever had sex	396 (28)	1.16	495 (42)	1.27	346 (17)	1.21
		(0.93–1.46)		(1.05–1.53)		(0.91–1.61)
Regular partner	176 (26)	1.01	210 (38)	0.99	156 (16)	1.03
		(0.71–1.45)		(0.74–1.33)		(0.65–1.62)
Casual partner	12 (42)	2.15	21 (67)	3.35	11 (36)	3.17
		(0.67–6.91)		(1.34–8.37)		(0.90–11.17)
HIV unknown	1149 (24)	0.91	1331 (34)	0.87	1011 (13)	0.83
		(0.76–1.09)		(0.75–1.01)		(0.65–1.04)
HIV positive	13 (46)	2.39	22 (68)	3.41	12 (42)	3.54
		(0.77–7.37)		(1.37–8.46)		(1.06–11.86)
HIV negative	1739 (25)	0.42	2084 (38)	0.29	1542 (16)	0.28
		(0.14–1.29)		(0.12–0.73)		(0.08–0.95)
Note: Table presents multivariate analyses of each variable adjusted for age, economic status, educational attainment, and residency. Reference category is non-orphans (both parents alive) in all cases.