Deep-sea mushroom soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea: Alcyoniidae) of the Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Figures & data

Table I. All nominal species of the genus Anthomastus, with current taxonomic status and type localities.

Original binomenclature	Current taxonomical status – Reference	Type locality
Sarcophytum aberrans Thomson & Henderson, 1906	Anthomastus aberrans (Thomson & Henderson, 1906) – Kükenthal 1910	Indian Ocean 7°17′30″N, 76°54′30″E, 786 m
Sarcophytum agaricoides Thomson & Henderson, 1906	Anthomastus agaricoides (Thomson & Henderson, 1906) – Kükenthal 1910	Indian Ocean 6°50′20″N, 79°36′20″E, 330–396 m
Anthomastus agaricus Studer, 1890	Pseudoanthomastus agaricus (Studer, 1890) – this publication	North-West Atlantic, off Newfoundland, 1267 m
Anthomastus agassizii Verrill, 1922	Anthomastus agassizii Verrill, 1922	Caribbean, off Dominica Isl., 992 m
Anthomastus agilis Tixier-Durivault, 1954	Sinularia agilis (Tixier-Durivault, 1954) – Alderslade 1994	New Caledonia
Anthomastus antarcticus Kükenthal, 1910	Anthomastus antarcticus Kükenthal, 1910	Subantarctic, Bouvet Isl., 567 m
Anthomastus bathyproctus Bayer, 1993	Anthomastus bathyproctus Bayer, 1993	Subantarctic, off South Shetland Ils., 1113–1153 m
Anthomastus canariensis Wright & Studer, 1889	Anthomastus canariensis Wright & Studer, 1889	NE Atlantic, off Canaries, 2789 m
Anthomastus elegans Kükenthal, 1902	Alcyonum elegans (Kükenthal, 1902) – Williams 1992	South Africa, Agulhas Bank, 126 m
Anthomastus fisheri Bayer, 1952	Pseudoanthomastus fisheri (Bayer, 1952) – this publication	Hawaii, off Oahu, 385–463 m
Anthomastus giganteus Tixier-Durivault, 1954	Anthomastus giganteus Tixier-Durivault, 1954	South Africa, 32°53′S, 17°30′E, 309 m
Anthomastus globosus d'Hondt, 1992	Anthomastus globosus d'Hondt, 1992	New Caledonia, 1430–1470 m
Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill, 1878	Anthomastus grandiflorus Verrill, 1878	North-West Atlantic, off Sable Isl., Nova Scotia, 457 m
Anthomastus granulosus Kükenthal, 1910	(?) Verseveldtia granulosa (Kükenthal, 1910) – Williams 1990	Japan, 200 m
Anthomastus japonicus Nutting, 1912	Heteropolypus japonicus (Nutting, 1912) – this publication	Japan, 42°10′20″N, 142°15′20″E, 565–603 m
Anthomastus hicksoni Bock, 1938 (=Anthomastus grandiflorus sensu Hickson 1904)	Anthomastus hicksoni Bock, 1938	South Africa, 34°2′S, 25°42′E, 468 m
Anthomastus muscarioides Kükenthal, 1910	Anthomastus muscarioides Kükenthal, 1910	Japan, Sagami Bay
Anthomastus phalloides Benham, 1928	Minabea phalloides (Benham, 1928) – Utinomi & Imahara 1976	New Zealand, Foveaux Straight
Sarcophyton purpureum Koren & Danielssen, 1883	Anthomastus purpureus (Koren & Danielssen, 1883) – Wright & Studer 1889	North East Atlantic, Norway, Hellefjord
Anthomastus ritteri Nutting, 1909	Heteropolypus ritteri (Nutting, 1909) – this publication	East Pacific, off Santa Barbara Isl., 801 m
Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906	Bathyalcyon robustum Versluys, 1906 – this publication	the Sea of Ceram 3°37′7″S, 131°24′4″E, 924 m
Anthomastus rylovi Naumov, 1952	Heteropolypus rylovi (Naumov, 1952) – this publication	North-West Pacific, Kurile Ils, 1430 m
Anthomastus steenstrupi Wright & Studer, 1889	Heteropolypus steenstrupi (Wright & Studer, 1889) – this publication	Japan, 1033 m
Anthomastus tahinodus d'Hondt, 1988	Anthomastus tahinodus d'Hondt, 1988	South West Pacific, off Tahiti, 16°27′30″S, 146°33′W, 1020 m
Sarcophyton trochiforme Hickson, 1900	Verseveldtia trochiformis (Hickson, 1900) – Williams 1990	South Africa, 32°53′S, 28°12′E, 82 m
Anthomastus venustus Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt, 1973	Pseudonthomastus venustus (Tixier-Durivault & d'Hondt, 1973) – this publication	Off Madagascar, Nosy Be, 12°41′3″S, 48°16′4 ″E, 308–314 m
Anthomastus zealandicus Benham, 1928	Anthomastus zealandicus Benham, 1928	New Zealand, North of Doubtless Bay?, 945 m

Table II. Material.

RV	Cruise	Station	Gear	Beginning longitude	Beginning latitude	End longitude	End latitude	Depth (max–min)	Species
RRS Challenger	14A	50304	IOS Epibenthic sledge	56°12′N	12°00′W			2600	H. sol sp. nov.
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	316-5	TS	58°45′0 N	27°13′5 W	58°45′5 N	27°12′1W	2190–2200	H. sol sp. nov.
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	317-2	TS	58°45′5 N	28°41′7 W	58°40′8 N	28°39′6 W	2132–2151	H. sol sp. nov.
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	318-2	TS	58°36′7 N	30°07′0 W	58°36′0 N	30°06′3 W	1413–1560	A. grandiflorus
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	444	Dredge	58°20′8 N	31°36′3 W	58°20′7 N	31°36′0 W	1535–1635	A. gyratus sp. nov.
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	460	Dredge	58°22′5 N	31°32′1 W	58°22′5 N	31°32′0 W	1600–1800	P. agaricus, A. gyratus sp. nov.
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	464	TS	58°21′1 N	31°36′9 W	58°21′0 N	31°35′6 W	1670–1760	A. grandiflorus, P. agaricus
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	496	TS	58°25′1 N	31°32′7 W	58°25′1 N	31°33′6 W	1465–1635	A. gyratus sp. nov.
RV Akademik Mstislav Keldysh	AMK4	500	TS	46°08′2 N	15°11′5 W	46°07′7 N	16°10′3 W	4287–4297	H. sol sp. nov.
RV G.O. Sars	MAR-ECO	50/373	OTSB	43°01′ N	28°33′ W			2593–2607	H. sol sp. nov.
RV G.O. Sars	MAR-ECO	70/385	OTSB	52°58′ N	34°52′ W			1650–1670	A. gyratus sp. nov.
RV G.O. Sars	MAR-ECO	72/386	OTSB	53°16′ N	35°31′ W			2522–2567	P. mariejoseae sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC011	017	OTSB	49°14.68′N	27°42.31′W			2700	H. sol sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC011	023	OTSB	48°54.59′N	27°50.0′W			2720	H. sol sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC037	015	OTSB	48°58.73′N	27°51.01′W			2700	H. sol sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC037	019	OTSB	48°58.05′N	27°51.6′W			2700	H. sol sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC037	027	OTSB	48°57.34′N	27°49.83′W			2700	H. sol sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC048	016	ROV Isis Dive 162	53°59.42′N	36°11.67′W	53°59.35′N	36°12.34′W	2450–2272	P. mariejoseae sp. nov.
RRS James Cook	JC048	054	ROV Isis Dive 179	49°05.91′N	27°50.33′W	49°06.27′N	27°50.20′W	2760–2767	H. sol sp. nov.
NO Jean Charcot	Biaçores	166	DR	37°47′N	25°50′W			130	P. mariejoseae sp. nov.
NO Jean Charcot	Biaçores	77	BI	38°56′N	27°41′W			2480	H. sol sp. nov.

Figure 1.  A,B. Anthomastus grandiflorus (IORAS IV-9-Alc-11-025); C,D. A. gyratus sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-108); E,H. Pseudoanthomastus inusitatus holotype (MNHN IK-2009-2245), s - siphonozooids; F. P. agaricus holotype (MOM INV-6080); G. P. agaricus (IORAS IV-9-Alc-11-028); I,J. P. mariejoseae sp. nov. holotype (NHMUK 2012.46), au - autozooids. Scale A,B,E–I, 1 cm; C,D, 0.5 cm.

Figure 2.  Anthomastus grandiflorus syntype (USNM 30181). A. Sclerites of tentacles of autozooid. B. Sclerites of anthocodia wall. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 3.  Anthomastus grandiflorus syntype (USNM 30181). Sclerites of capitulum. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 4.  Anthomastus grandiflorus syntype (USNM 30181). Sclerites of stalk. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 5.  Anthomastus gyratus sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-108). A. Sclerites of tentacles of autozooid. B. Sclerites of anthocodia wall. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 6.  Anthomastus gyratus sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-108). Sclerites of capitulum. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 7.  Anthomastus gyratus sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-108). Sclerites of stalk. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 8.  Pseudoanthomastus agaricus holotype (MOM INV-6080). Sclerites of tentacles of autozooids. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 9.  Pseudoanthomastus agaricus holotype (MOM INV-6080). Sclerites of anthocodia wall. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 10.  Pseudoanthomastus agaricus holotype (MOM INV-6080). Sclerites of capitulum. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 11.  Pseudoanthomastus agaricus holotype (MOM INV-6080). Sclerites of stalk. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 12.  Pseudoanthomastus mariejoseae sp. nov. holotype (NHMUK 2012.46). Sclerites of tentacles of autozooids. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 13.  Pseudoanthomastus mariejoseae sp. nov. holotype (NHMUK 2012.46). Sclerites of anthocodia wall. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 14.  Pseudoanthomastus mariejoseae sp. nov. holotype (NHMUK 2012.46). Sclerites of capitulum. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 15.  Pseudoanthomastus mariejoseae sp. nov. holotype (NHMUK 2012.46). Sclerites of stalk. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 16.  Heteropolypus sol sp. nov. A,B,D–H, general view of colonies; C, side view of autozooid, small arrowheads indicate a ridge of sclerites at dorsolateral side of autozooid, large arrowheads indicate ventral side of autozoid free of ridges; I, fragment of capitulum with siphonozooids (s) and mesozooids (m). A–C,I, Holotype (ZMMU Ec-111); D, colony with one autozooid, paratype (ZMMU Ec-112/1); E,G, colonies with two autozooids, paratype (ZMMU Ec-112/2, Ec-112/3); F, colony with three autozooids, paratype (ZMMU Ec-112/4); H, colony with completely retracted autozooids, paratype (ZMMU Ec-112/5). Scale A,B,D–H, 1 cm; C, 0.5 cm; I, 2 mm.

Figure 17.  Heteropolypus sol sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-111). Sclerites of tentacles of autozooids. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 18.  Heteropolypus sol sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-111). Sclerites of anthocodia wall. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 19.  Heteropolypus sol sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-111). Sclerites of capitulum. Scale 0.1 mm.

Figure 20.  Heteropolypus sol sp. nov. holotype (ZMMU Ec-111). Sclerites of stalk. Scale 0.1 mm.

Alderslade , P. 1994 . A redescription of Anthomastus agilis Tixier–Durivault with generic placement in Sinularia (Coelenterata: Octocorallia), and some remarks on Sinularia ramosa Tixier- Durivault . The Beagle , 11 : 133 – 39 .

 Google Scholar

Williams , GC. 1992 . The Alcyonacea of southern Africa. Stoloniferous Octocorals and soft corals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa) . Annals of the South African Museum , 100 : 249 – 358 .

 Google Scholar

Williams , GC. 1990 . A new genus of dimorphic soft coral from the southwestern fringe of the Indo-Pacific (Octocorallia: Alcyoniidae) . Journal of Zoology , 221 : 21 – 35 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb03772.x

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hickson , SJ. 1904 . The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope. Part II . Marine Investigations in South Africa , 3 : 211 – 39 .

 Google Scholar

Utinomi , H and Imahara , Y. 1976 . A new second species of dimorphic alcyonacean octocoral Minabea from the Bays of Sagami and Suruga, with the emendation of generic diagnosis. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory . Shirahama , 23 : 205 – 12 .

 Google Scholar

Tixier-Durivault , A and d'Hondt , M-J. 1973 . Nouvelles récoltes d'Octocoralliaires à Madagascar . Tethys , 5 : 251 – 66 .

 Google Scholar