The African cryptic clades of the toothed barnacle Chthamalus dentatus (Chthamaloidea, Chthamalidae)

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map showing the 10 collection sites of C. dentatus in the current study.

Table I. Number of individuals (N) from each population.

Population	Coordinates	N
		COI	D-loop	EF1	NaKA
Saint Louis, Senegal	16°00’N 16°30’W	18	6	5	6
Accra, Ghana	05°32’N 00°12’W	18	9	7	7
Batoké, Cameroon	04°02’N 09°06’E	13	7	9	9
Lobito, Angola	12°20’S 13°35’E	7	5	4	4
Mowe Bay, Namibia	19°22’S 12°42’E	23	3	3	3
Cape Cross, Namibia	21°47’S 14°00’E	23	3	4	4
Swakopmund, Namibia	22°41’S 14°32’E	21	3	2	2
Elizabeth Bay, Namibia	26°55’S 15°11’E	7	2	−	−
Kerbe Huk, Namibia	28°14’S 15°59’E	10	6	7	7
Camps Bay, South Africa	33°57’S 19°23’E	15	3	4	5
Total		155	47	45	47

Note: Coordinates are rounded to the nearest minute.

Figure 2. A UPGMA tree, based on between-location COI distances, depicting the relationship between the 10 Eastern Atlantic C. dentatus populations.

Table II. Pairwise COI distances between the 10 C. dentatus collecting locations. (Pairwise distance between any two locations, A and B, is the mean of all pairwise distances between two sequences, one from A and the other from B).

		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1.	Saint Louis
2.	Accra	0.003
3.	Batoké	0.157	0.156
4.	Lobito	0.049	0.048	0.146
5.	Mowe Bay	0.045	0.044	0.149	0.019
6.	Cape Cross	0.045	0.044	0.149	0.020	0.011
7.	Swakopmund	0.044	0.044	0.148	0.019	0.009	0.012
8.	Elizabeth Bay	0.047	0.046	0.152	0.022	0.010	0.013	0.012
9.	Kerbe Huk	0.059	0.059	0.149	0.064	0.064	0.062	0.064	0.066
10.	Camps Bay	0.060	0.060	0.150	0.066	0.065	0.063	0.065	0.067	0.013

Figure 3. UPGMA trees depicting the relationship between the four Eastern Atlantic C. dentatus clades. (A) Based on between-clade COI distances, (B) based on between-clade D-loop distances, (C) based on between-clade EF1 distances, (D) based on between-clade NaKA distances.

Table III. Pairwise genetic distances (± se) between the four Eastern Atlantic C. dentatus clades, for each of four markers.

Pairwise Distance Between:	COI	D-loop	EF1	NaKA
West Africa & Cameroon	0.1584 ± 0.0192	0.3669 ± 0.0329	0.0304 ± 0.0067	0.0137 ± 0.0058
West Africa & Namibia-Angola	0.0450 ± 0.0090	0.1325 ± 0.0157	0.0032 ± 0.0010	0.0071 ± 0.0035
West Africa & South Africa	0.0602 ± 0.0105	0.1925 ± 0.0199	0.0022 ± 0.0008	0.0055 ± 0.0029
Cameroon & Namibia-Angola	0.1510 ± 0.0182	0.3970 ± 0.0350	0.0308 ± 0.0067	0.0167 ± 0.0064
Cameroon & South Africa	0.1523 ± 0.0183	0.3971 ± 0.0350	0.0291 ± 0.0065	0.0137 ± 0.0059
Namibia-Angola & South Africa	0.0648 ± 0.0109	0.2137 ± 0.0204	0.0029 ± 0.0008	0.0086 ± 0.0040

Note: Standard errors were estimated by the bootstrap method (1000 replicates in each case).

Figure 4. A median-joining COI haplotype network. Black circles denote inferred medians.

Figure 5. The distribution of all COI pairwise distances (with regard to the ABGD method).

Figure 6. A D-loop-based neighbour-joining tree of C. dentatus individuals from the Atlantic coast of Africa. Pairwise distances between individuals were calculated by the Tamura-Nei model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) is shown only if larger than 80%.

Figure 7. A COI-based UPGMA topology tree depicting the relationship between the four C. dentatus clades (in red) and ten different nominal species of Chthamalus. The numbers in parentheses refer to the sample size from each population.