Sc/Zr microalloying on strength-corrosion performance synergy of wire-arc directed energy deposited Al-Mg

Figures & data

Figure 1. Diagrammatic representation of WADED process and the as-deposited WADED Al-Mg-(Sc-Zr) components.

Table 1. Compositions of wire and WADED components.

Alloys	Compositions (wt. %)
	Mg	Fe	Mn	Si	Sc	Ti	Zr	Al
Al-Mg wire	6.52	0.08	0.73	0.01	–	0.14	–	Bal.
Al-Mg-Sc-Zr wire	6.71	0.01	0.10	0.01	0.30	0.03	0.13	Bal.
Al-Mg-Sc-Zr components	6.3	0.01	0.09	0.01	0.29	0.03	0.14	Bal

Table 2. WADED processing parameters.

Parameter		Value
Current	I+&I− (A) tEN&tEP (ms)	140 &140(A) 8 & 2
Wire feed speed (m/min)		2.4
Traveling speed (mm/min)		300
Ce-W electrode diameter (mm)		4.0
Arc length (mm)		5
Flow rate of argon shielding gas (L/min)		15
Interval time between two layers(s)		60
Building path		One way

Figure 2. Schematic illustration of sampling position and tensile sample dimensions.

Figure 3. The porosity and statistic results of (a₁)–(a₃) WADED Al-Mg, (b₁)–(b₃) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr, (c₁)–(c₃) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Figure 4. XRD patterns of WADED Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Figure 5. OM morphology of (a) WADED Al-Mg, (b) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and (c) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Figure 6. SEM morphology and element mapping of (a₁)–(a₄) WADED Al-Mg, (b₁)–(b₄) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and (c₁)–(c₄) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Table 3. Chemical compositions of phase in Figure 6 (at. %).

Point	Compositions (at. %)
	Al	Mg	Mn	Fe	Sc	Zr
A1	82.6	1.0	11.7	4.7	–	–
A2	87.0	11.6	1.2	0.2	–	–
A3	84.0	2.3	9.4	4.3	–	–
A4	92.5	7.2	0.3	–	–	–
B1	80.9	2.9	0.1	–	10.6	5.5
B2	87.8	6.9	0.1	–	3.6	1.6
B3	84.1	5.5	–	0.1	7.9	2.4
B4	93.1	6.6	–	–	0.2	0.1
C1	92.0	7.6	–	–	0.2	–
C2	91.3	7.7	–	–	0.9	0.1
C3	77.4	1.1	–	–	17.2	4.3
C4	91.7	8.0	–	0.1	0.1	–

Figure 7. TEM images and SAED patterns:(a₁)–(a₃) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr, (b₁)–(b₅) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT, (b₃) HRTEM picture of the matrix and Al₃(Sc, Zr) interface, (b₄) dislocations shown by inverse Fourier transformation image from the area marked in (b₃) on (002) plane, (b₅) HRTEM image of Al₃(Sc, Zr) particle.

Figure 8. Inverse pole figure EBSD maps, grain size statistical results, grain boundary distribution and pole figures of (a₁)–(a₄) WADED Al-Mg, (b₁)–(b₄) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and (c₁)–(c₄) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Figure 9. Microhardness of (a) WADED Al-Mg, (b) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr; and (c) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT and (d) the statistic results.

Figure 10. (a) Engineering strain/stress curves, (b) true strain/stress curves (c) statistic results of WADED Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components and (d) comparison between tensile properties in this work and others in Ref. [8,20,21,30,31,33,43,46,52].

Figure 11. Side surface fractography of horizontal and vertical direction of (a), (b) WADED Al-Mg, (c), (d) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and (e), (f) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Figure 12. Front surface fractography of (a), (b) WADED Al-Mg, (c), (d) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and (e), (f) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components.

Figure 13. (a) Open-circuit potential and (b) potentiodynamic polarisation curves of WADED Al-Mg, Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT samples in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.

Figure 14. (a) Nyquist and (b) Bode plots of WADED Al-Mg, WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT components in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution.

Figure 15. The corrosion morphology and corresponding element mapping of (a₁), (a₂) WADED Al-Mg, (b₁), (b₂) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr and (c₁), (c₂) WADED Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-HT samples.

Figure 16. (a) The solidification path of the WADED Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy predicted by the classic Scheil module and (b) the phase diagram obtained from the thermal calc software using the bulk composition.

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Data availability statement

Data will be available upon reasonable request.