An analysis on the risk of being injured and killed in road travel injuries in Namibia

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptions of individuals included in the analyses.

	Crash, not injured N (%)	Injured N (%)	Killed N (%)	Total N (%)
Road user group
Driver	6,578 (59)	4,196 (37)	438 (4)	11,212 (100)
Motorcyclist	1 (3)	32 (82)	6 (15)	39 (100)
Cyclist	17 (5)	317 (86)	35 (9)	369 (100)
Passenger	2,599 (18)	10,786 (76)	856 (6)	14,241 (100)
Pedestrian	101 (3)	2,795 (80)	593 (17)	3,489 (100)
Other	15 (27)	39 (71)	1 (2)	55 (100)
Vehicle type
Bus	792 (30)	1,744 (66)	112 (4)	2,648 (100)
Motorcycles	59 (22)	190 (71)	19 (7)	268 (100)
Sedans	4,434 (35)	7,669 (61)	689 (5)	12,792 (100)
SUVs	431 (34)	760 (60)	73 (6)	1,264 (100)
Pick-ups	3,809 (32)	7,522 (62)	772 (6)	12,103 (100)
Vans	79 (32)	142 (59)	21 (9)	242 (100)
Trucks	733 (33)	1,306 (58)	194 (9)	2,233 (100)
Gender
Male	7,928 (36)	12,855 (58)	1,432 (6)	22,215 (100)
Female	1,673 (18)	7,145 (76)	531 (6)	9,349 (100)
Age group
0–17	338 (13)	2,022 (77)	257 (10)	2,617 (100)
18–29	1,962 (23)	5,883 (70)	540 (7)	8,385 (100)
30–39	2,521 (33)	4,669 (61)	460 (6)	7,650 (100)
40–49	1,443 (33)	2,625 (60)	276 (7)	4,344 (100)
50–59	752 (32)	1,425 (60)	196 (8)	2,373 (100)
60–69	298 (30)	584 (60)	97 (10)	979 (100)
70–79	79 (23)	222 (64)	47 (13)	348 (100)
80+	20 (19)	59 (56)	26 (25)	105 (100)
Region
Khomas	2,926 (35)	5,195 (62)	228 (3)	8,349 (100)
Ohangwena	423 (31)	826 (61)	116 (8)	1,365 (100)
Omusati	307 (27)	725 (64)	100 (9)	1,132 (100)
Kavango	259 (22)	723 (63)	168 (15)	1,150 (100)
Oshikoto	711 (30)	1,476 (62)	179 (8)	2,366 (100)
Oshana	684 (30)	1,466 (64)	147 (6)	2,297 (100)
Erongo	977 (30)	2,085 (64)	175 (6)	3,237 (100)
Otjozondjupa	1,005 (33)	1,831 (59)	250 (8)	3,086 (100)
Caprivi	179 (32)	309 (56)	66 (12)	554 (100)
Kunene	300 (32)	552 (59)	81 (9)	933 (100)
Hardap	540 (33)	994 (60)	116 (7)	1,650 (100)
Karas	361 (32)	680 (61)	80 (7)	1,121 (100)
Omaheke	269 (29)	604 (64)	69 (7)	942 (100)
Day of week
Monday	1,176 (32)	,243 (62)	209 (6)	3,628 (100)
Tuesday	1,068 (33)	2,016 (61)	209 (6)	3,293 (100)
Wednesday	1,010 (33)	1,816 (60)	205 (7)	3,031 (100)
Thursday	1,115 (31)	2,270 (63)	203 (6)	3,588 (100)
Friday	1,560 (32)	2,961 (62)	283 (6)	4,804 (100)
Saturday	1,657 (31)	3,327 (62)	376 (7)	5,360 (100)
Sunday	1,356 (30)	2,835 (63)	290 (7)	4,481 (100)
Method of transportation to hospital once injured in crash
Private vehicle	N/A	2,177	N/A
State ambulance	N/A	5,201	N/A
Private ambulance	N/A	5,803	N/A
Police	N/A	1,017	N/A

Table 2. Relative risk ratios from bivariate and multivariate multinomial regression.

	Bivariate regression^a		Multivariate regression^a,b
	Injured RRR (95% CI)	Killed RRR (95% CI)	Injured aRRR (95% CIs	Killed aRRR (95% CI)
Road user group
Driver (reference)	1	1	1	1
Motorcyclist	66.0 (44.0–99.1)	132.7 (86.1–204.4)	82.1 (47.2–142.9)	202.1 (112.7–362.7)
Cyclist	28.0 (17.4–45.1)	29.1 (16.4–51.6)	53.8 (23.9–121.4)	57.3 (23.6–139.5)
Pedestrian	8.8 (8.1–9.5)	10.1 (8.9–11.6)	12.6 (11.2–14.2)	15.8 (13.2–18.9)
Passenger	6.3 (5.9–6.7)	4.9 (4.3–5.6)	7.3 (6.6–8.1)	6.1 (5.2–7.2)
Other	10.1 (5.2–19.7)	11.6 (4.6–29.6)	10.1 (4.0–25.8)	13.6 (4.1–44.7)
Vehicle type
Bus (reference)	1	1	1	1
Motorcycles	1.5 (1.1–2.0)	2.3 (1.3–4.0)	2.8 (1.8–4.4)	4.6 (2.2–9.5)
Sedans	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	1.5 (1.2–2.0)
SUVs	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	1.2 (0.9–1.7)	1.2 (0.9–1.5)	1.6 (1.1–2.3)
Pick-ups	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	1.4 (1.2–1.8)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	1.6 (1.3–2.1)
Vans	0.8 (0.6–1.1)	1.9 (1.1–3.2)	0.8 (0.5–1.2)	1.8 (1.0–3.5)
Trucks	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	1.9 (1.5–2.5)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	2.7 (2.0–3.7)
Gender
Male (reference)	1	1	1	1
Female	2.6 (2.5–2.8)	1.8 (1.6–2.0)	1.5 (1.4–1.7)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)
Age group
0–17	3.2 (2.9–3.7)	4.2 (3.4–5.0)	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	1.0 (0.8–1.3)
18–29	1.6 (1.5–1.7)	1.5 (1.3–1.7)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.1 (1.0–1.4)
30–39 (reference)	1	1	1	1
40–49	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.1 (0.9–1.3)
50–59	1.1 (0.9–1.1)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)
60–69	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	1.8 (1.4–2.3)	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	1.7 (1.3–2.3)
70–79	1.5 (1.2–2.0)	3.3 (2.2–4.7)	1.1 (0.8–1.6)	2.1 (1.3–3.3)
80+	1.6 (1.0–2.7)	7.1 (3.9–12.9)	0.8 (0.4–1.6)	3.6 (1.6–8.0)
Region
Khomas (Reference)	1	1	1	1
Ohangwena	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	3.5 (2.8–4.5)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	4.4 (3.3–5.9)
Omusati	1.3 (1.2–1.5)	4.2 (3.2–5.4)	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	6.0 (4.4–8.3)
Kavango	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	8.3 (6.6–10.5)	1.7 (1.4–2.1)	9.4 (6.0–12.8)
Oshikoto	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	3.2 (2.6–4.0)	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	3.7 (2.9–4.8)
Oshana	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	2.8 (2.2–3.4)	1.3 (1.2–1.6)	3.3 (2.6–4.2)
Erongo	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	2.3 (1.9–2.8)	1.4 (1.3–1.6)	3.2 (2.6–4.1)
Otjozondjupa	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	3.2 (2.6–3.9)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	4.7 (3.7–5.9)
Caprivi	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	4.7 (3.5–6.5)	1.3 (0.9–1.7)	6.8 (4.5–10.2)
Kunene	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	3.5 (2.6–4.6)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	6.0 (4.2–8.6)
Hardap	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	2.8 (2.2–3.5)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	4.4 (3.3–5.8)
Karas	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	2.8 (2.1–3.8)	1.5 (1.2–1.8)	4.0 (2.8–5.5)
Omaheke	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	3.3 (2.4–4.4)	1.3 (1.1–1.7)	4.2 (2.9–6.0)
Day of week
Monday (reference)	1	1	1	1
Tuesday	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.0 (0.8–1.1)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)
Wednesday	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.0 (0.8–1.1)	1.2 (0.9–1.6)
Thursday	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.0 (0.8–1.3)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.0 (0.8–1.2)
Friday	1.0 (0.9–1.1)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)
Saturday	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.6 (1.2–1.9)
Sunday	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)

Results significant at the 5% level are shown in bold.

^a The outcome reference category for the logistic regression was ‘uninjured’.

^b The relative risk ratios are mutually adjusted for all the other variables presented in the table.

Table 3. Relative risk ratios from bivariate and multivariate logistic regression for ‘killed’ compared with ‘injured’.

	Bivariate regression^a	Multivariate regression^a^,b
	RRR (95% CI)	aRRR (95% CI)
Road user group
Driver	1	1
Motorcyclist	2.0 (1.7–2.4)	2.7 (2.0–3.6)
Cyclist	1.0 (0.7–1.5)	1.0 (0.5–1.9)
Pedestrian	1.2 (1.0–1.3)	1.4 (1.1–1.8)
Passenger	0.8 (0.7–0.9)	0.8 (0.7–1.0)
Other	1.1 (0.5–2.4)	1.8 (0.6–5.6)
Vehicle type
Bus (reference)	1	1
Motorcycles	1.5 (0.9–2.6)	2.2 (0.9–5.3)
Sedans	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	1.3 (0.9–1.8)
SUVs	1.5 (1.1–2.1)	1.1 (0.7–1.8)
Pick-ups	1.6 (1.3–2.0)	1.2 (0.9–1.7)
Vans	2.3 (1.4–3.8)	1.6 (0.7–3.6)
Trucks	2.3 (1.8–3.0)	2.2 (1.4–3.2)
Gender
Male (reference)	1	1
Female	0.7 (0.6–0.8)	0.8 (0.6–0.9)
Age group
0–17	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	1.5 (1.1–1.9)
18–29	0.9 (0.8–1.1)	1.1 (0.9–1.3)
30–39 (reference)	1	1
40–49	1.1 (0.9–1.2)	1.2 (0.9–1.5)
50–59	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	1.6 (1.2–2.1)
60–69	1.7 (1.3–2.1)	1.8 (1.3–2.7)
70–79	2.1 (1.5–3.0)	2.1 (1.2–3.5)
80+	4.5 (2.7–7.1)	6.4 (2.6–15.5)
Region
Khomas (Reference)	1	1
Ohangwena	3.2 (2.5–4.0)	0.4 (0.3–0.6)
Omusati	3.1 (2.5–4.0)	0.5 (0.4–0.8)
Kavango	5.3 (4.3–6.6)	1.0 (0.6–1.5)
Oshikoto	2.8 (2.3–3.4)	0.8 (0.6–1.1)
Oshana	2.3 (1.8–2.8)	0.5 (0.4–0.7)
Erongo	1.9 (1.6–2.3)	1.3 (1.0–1.8)
Otjozondjupa	3.1 (2.6–3.8)	1.4 (1.0–1.9)
Caprivi	4.9 (3.6–6.5)	0.6 (0.3–0.9)
Kunene	3.3 (2.6–4.4)	0.6 (0.4–0.9)
Hardap	2.7 (2.1–3.4)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)
Karas	2.7 (2.1–3.5)	1.0 (0.6–1.5)
Omaheke	2.6 (2.0–3.5)	0.9 (0.6–1.3)
Day of week
Monday	1	1
Tuesday	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)
Wednesday	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.1 (0.8–1.5)
Thursday	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	0.9 (0.6–1.2)
Friday	1.0 (0.9–1.2)	1.1 (0.9–1.5)
Saturday	1.2 (1.0–1.4)	1.2 (0.9–1.5)
Sunday	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	1.1 (0.8–1.4)
Method of transportation to hospital once injured in crash
Private ambulance	1	1
Police	53.5 (43.7–65.5)	93.0 (70.0–123.5)
State Ambulance	2.3 (1.8–2.9)	3.0 (2.2–4.0)
Private vehicle	2.4 (1.8–3.1)	3.5 (2.5–4.9)

Results significant at the 5% level are shown in bold.

^a The outcome reference category for the logistic regression was ‘injured, but not fatally, and taken to hospital’.

^b The relative risk ratios are mutually adjusted for all the other variables presented in the table.

Table 4. Distribution of road crash types in Namibia, 2012–2014.

Type of crash	N	% (95%CI)
Collision with pedestrians	2,767	24.5 (23.7–25.3)
Roll-overs	2,681	23.8 (23.0–24.5)
Head Side collision	957	8.5 (8.0–9.0)
Head rear collision	690	6.1 (5.7–6.6)
Hit and run	538	4.8 (4.4–5.2)
Head-on collision	497	4.4 (4.0–4.8)
Collison with fixed object	362	3.2 (2.9–3.5)
Lost control	359	3.2 (2.9–3.5)
Collision with cyclist	346	3.1 (2.8–3.4)
Side wipe collisions	296	2.6 (2.3–2.9)
Fell from moving vehicle	250	2.2 (1.9–2.7)
Collision with animal (domestic)	245	2.2 (1.9–2.5)
Chain collision	214	1.9 (1.7–2.2)
Collision with wild animal	213	1.9 (1.7–2.2)
Burst tyre	182	1.6 (1.4–1.9)
Single vehicle overturned	85	0.8 (0.6–0.9)
Collision with quad bike	78	0.7 (0.6–0.9)
Side swipe: opposite direction	71	0.6 (0.5–0.8)
Sudden mechanical failure	43	0.4 (0.3–0.5)
Side swipe: same direction	40	0.4 (0.3–0.5)
Collision with train	11	0.1 (0.05–0.2)
Other/unknown	328	3.0 (2.5–3.5)
Total	11,253	100

Table 5. Relative risk ratio of being injured or killed as a result of crash type.

Type of crash	Injured	Killed
Collision with pedestrians	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	5.8 (3.2–10.5)
Roll-overs	2.7 (2.3–3.2)	7.6 (4.2–13.7)
Head Side collision	1.3 (1.1–1.6)	1.9 (1.0–3.6)
Head rear collision	1.1 (0.9–1.3)	0.9 (0.5–1.9)
Hit and run	4.7 (3.6–6.3)	26.5 (13.8–50.8)
Head-on collision	2.2 (1.9–2.7)	10.8 (5.9–19.7)
Collison with fixed object	1.9 (1.5–2.4)	4.0 (2.0–7.8)
Lost control	1.7 (1.4–2.1)	3.0 (1.5–6.0)
Collision with cyclist	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	3.6 (1.8–7.2)
Side wipe collisions	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	2.5 (1.2–5.2)
Fell from moving vehicle	1.0 (0.7–1.3)	4.7 (2.3–9.5)
Collison with animal (domestic)	1.1 (0.9–1.4)	1.6 (0.7–3.5)
Chain collisions (Reference)	1	1
Collision with wild animal	1.7 (1.4–2.1)	2.7 (1.3–5.6)
Burst tyre	2.5 (1.9–3.2)	5.3 (2.6–10.6)
Single vehicle overturned	1.6 (1.2–2.2)	5.1 (2.3–11.1)
Collision with quad bike	1.0 (0.8–1.2)	5.4 (3.0–10.0)
Side swipe: opposite direction	2.3 (1.9–2.8)	6.1 (3.4–11.1)
Sudden mechanical failure	2.4 (1.7–3.3)	4.4 (1.9–10.5)
Side swipe same direction	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	2.0 (0.8–4.7)
Collision with train	1.5 (0.7–3.4)	11.1 (3.0–41.2)
Other/unknown	2.0 (1.5–2.5)	5.8 (2.8–11.7)

Results significant at the 5% level are shown in bold.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the (UCL depository).