Microstructures and photo-catalytic properties of B³⁺ and F⁻ co-doped TiO₂ films

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of doping methods on photo-degradation rate of TiO₂ film.

Doping methods	TiO2	External doping B	External doping F	External doping B/F	Internal doping B/F
Photo-degradation rate (%)	25.1	36.2	42.4	58.6	45.3

Figure 1. FE–SEM images for TiO₂ samples: (a) pure TiO₂ film and (b) B³⁺ and F⁻ co-doped TiO₂ film.

Figure 2. XRD patterns of pure TiO₂ and TiO₂ co-doped with B³⁺ and F⁻.

Figure 3. N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms of pure TiO₂ and TiO₂ co-doped with B³⁺ and F⁻.

Table 2. Effect of B³⁺ and F⁻ co-doping on BET surface areas and pore parameters of TiO₂ samples.

Sample	S BET (m^2/g)	Pore volume (cm^3/g)	Pore size (nm)
Un-doped TiO2	95.88	0.135	4.78
B–F co-doped TiO2	125.69	0.167	3.88

Figure 4. Pore size distribution of pure TiO₂ and TiO₂ co-doped with B³⁺ and F⁻.

Table 3. Effect of B³⁺ and F⁻ co-doping on BET pore size distribution of TiO₂ samples.

	Un-doped TiO2		B–F co-doped TiO2
	Pore volume (cm^3/g)	Percentage	Pore volume (cm^3/g)	Percentage
<3 nm	0.071	27.48	0.078	21.81
3–4 nm	0.172	68.12	0.275	76.82
5–6 nm	0.004	1.38	0.004	1.06
>5 nm	0.006	2.45	0.005	0.31

Figure 5. XPS spectra of B³⁺ and F⁻ co-doped TiO₂ sample: (a) Ti 2p and (b) O 1s.

Figure 6. PL spectra of various samples.

Figure 7. UV–Vis absorption spectra of B³⁺ doped and un-doped TiO₂ films on glass substrates in ANR solutions after irradiated for 45 min: (1) 0.9 × 10⁻² M, (2) 1.3 × 10⁻² M and (3) 1.7 × 10⁻² M.

Figure 8. UV–Vis absorption spectra of F⁻ doped and un-doped TiO₂ films on glass substrates in ANR solutions after irradiated for 45 min: (1) 1 × 10⁻³ M, (2) 5 × 10⁻³ M and (3) 9 × 10⁻³ M.

Figure 9. UV–Vis absorption spectra of B³⁺ and F⁻ co-doped TiO₂ films on glass substrates in ANR solutions after irradiated for 45 min: the amount of B³⁺ doping fixed to 0.05 mL, while those of F⁻ are (1) 0.025 mL, (2) 0.05 mL, (3) 0.10 mL, (4) 0.15 mL, (5) 0.20 mL and (6) 0.25 mL.

Figure 10. Degradation rate of ANR solutions using doped and un-doped TiO₂ films on glass substrates under UV-lamp irradiation with a wavelength of 365 nm for 45 min.

Figure 11. Diffuse reflection UV–Vis spectra of pure TiO₂ film and TiO₂ film co-doped with B³⁺ and F⁻.

Figure 12. Photo-catalytic degradation curves of ANR solutions using doped and un-doped TiO₂ films on glass substrates after being visible light irradiated.