Performance breakdown effects dissociate from error detection effects in typing

Abstract

Mistakes in skilled performance are often observed to be slower than correct actions. This error slowing has been associated with cognitive control processes involved in performance monitoring and error detection. A limited literature on skilled actions, however, suggests that preerror actions may also be slower than accurate actions. This contrasts with findings from unskilled, discrete trial tasks, where preerror performance is usually faster than accurate performance. We tested 3 predictions about error-related behavioural changes in continuous typing performance. We asked participants to type 100 sentences without visual feedback. We found that (a) performance before errors was no different in speed than that before correct key-presses, (b) error and posterror key-presses were slower than matched correct key-presses, and (c) errors were preceded by greater variability in speed than were matched correct key-presses. Our results suggest that errors are preceded by a behavioural signature, which may indicate breakdown of fluid cognition, and that the effects of error detection on performance (error and posterror slowing) can be dissociated from breakdown effects (preerror increase in variability).

Keywords:

• Skilled actions
• Error detection
• Performance monitoring
• Typing
• Posterror slowing

Notes

¹Our results do not change even if we use 99.9% confidence intervals bootstrapped using 50,000 resamples.

²As the measure of variability, we used the interpercentile range as discussed earlier. To be confident, we reanalysed the data using the standard deviation. This cross-check showed that our results would be the same had we used the standard deviation.