Encouraging prediction during production facilitates subsequent comprehension: Evidence from interleaved object naming in sentence context and sentence reading

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean naming latencies and (post-)target reading times for Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2

Dependent variable/Experiment	Experiment 1a	Experiment 1b	Experiment 2
Naming latencies
Predictable	657 (193)	—	752 (215)
Non-predictable	753 (232)	—	839 (314)
Reading times
Predictable	—	397 (159)	327 (177)
Non-predictable	—	404 (171)	332 (182)
Reading times post-target word
Predictable	—	370 (108)	312 (135)
Non-predictable	—	378 (118)	331 (156)

Note: All times and latencies in milliseconds. Standard deviations in parentheses.

Table

Target object	Predictable verb	Non-predictable verb	Cloze probability
appel (apple)	schillen (peel)	tekenen (draw)	.63
baard (beard)	scheren (trim)	zien (see)	.51
bal (ball)	trappen (kick)	lenen (borrow)	.6
band (tube)	verwisselen (change)	verliezen (loose)	.46
bank (coach)	bekleden (stiffen)	kiezen (choose)	.14
beker (cup)	winnen (win)	bekijken (look at)	.06
biertje (beer)	drinken (drink)	kopen (buy)	.6
bloem (flower)	planten (plant)	ontvangen (receive)	.06
boek (book)	publiceren (publish)	verstoppen (hide)	.14
boom (tree)	kappen (chop)	beschrijven (describe)	.69
boterham (sandwich)	smeren (prepare)	betalen (pay)	.77
broek (pants)	passen (fit)	zoeken (search)	.49
cadeau (present)	krijgen (receive)	stelen (steal)	.2
contract (contract)	ondertekenen (sign)	ontvangen (receive)	.69
deur (door)	openen (open)	zoeken (search)	.31
dief (thief)	arresteren (arrest)	filmen (film)	.34
doos (box)	tillen (lift)	verbergen (hide)	.23
fiets (bike)	repareren (repair)	pakken (grab)	.34
glas (glass)	breken (break)	lenen (borrow)	.2
hond (dog)	aaien (pet)	tekenen (draw)	.43
huis (house)	bezitten (own)	kiezen (choose)	.29
ijsje (ice-cream)	likken (lick)	overhandigen (hand over)	.77
kind (child)	beschermen (protect)	beschrijven (describe)	.43
lamp (lamp)	vervangen (replace)	verbergen (hide)	.31
muur (wall)	behangen (decorate)	bewaken (guard)	.8
overhemd (shirt)	strijken (iron)	zien (see)	.49
piano (piano)	stemmen (tune)	stelen (steal)	.23
pizza (pizza)	bestellen (order)	verkopen (sell)	.26
sigaar (cigar)	roken (smoke)	verstoppen (hide)	.29
sinaasappel (orange)	persen (squeeze)	overhandigen (hand over)	.71
standbeeld (statue)	onthullen (reveal)	bewaken (guard)	.17
stoel (chair)	verplaatsen (displace)	pakken (grab)	.14
taart (cake)	bakken (bake)	verkopen (sell)	.51
tafel (table)	dekken (prepare)	betalen (pay)	.66
tas (bag)	dragen (carry)	kopen (buy)	.09
touw (rope)	spannen (take up)	verliezen (lose)	.2
trein (train)	missen (miss)	filmen (film)	.06
varken (pig)	slachten (slaughter)	fotograferen (take a photo)	.46
vis (fish)	vangen (catch)	fotograferen (take a photo)	.23
wond (wound)	hechten (suture)	bekijken (look at)	.8