Conceptualising the analysis of socio-ecological systems through ecosystem services and agent-based modelling

Figures & data

Figure 1. Contextualised structure of the conceptual model, showing relationships with both Integrated Sustainability Analysis (ISA) and Framework for Ecosystem Service Provision (FESP) frameworks.

Figure 2. Detailed structure of the conceptual model.

Figure 3. Scenario assumptions and their influences, through sub-model behaviour, on land manager decision making.

Table 1. Example conjoint choice task

Attributes	Option 1 □	Option 2 □	Option 3 □	Option 4 □
Source of income	Crop production	Livestock production	Non-Food production	Environment managemet
Required effort	No added work	More work	Less work	More work
Social Feedback	No feedback	Negative feedback	No feedback	Positive feedback
Environment impact	Degrade environment	Degrade environment	Maintain environment	Enhance environment
Level of risk	Average risk	Low risk	High risk	Low risk
Change in profit	No change	+10%	No change	−10%

Figure 4. Causal chain from human behaviour through to biological responses of skylarks.

Table 2. Human actions and their effect on the skylark IBM

Human action	Landscape parameter	Effect on skylarks
Sowing time	Vegetation height (daily)	Nesting suitability
Silage cutting	Vegetation height	Nesting suitability, instant mortality
Pesticide spraying	Pesticide sprayed	Food abundance
Crop choice	Vegetation type, invertebrate assemblages	Nesting suitability, food abundance
Vegetation type	Nesting suitability, food abundance