Mapping multi-scale impacts of deforestation in the Amazonian rainforest from 1986 to 2010

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the MAP region with major roads superimposed. This region encompasses the tri-national frontier regions of the Peruvian state of Madre de Dios (capital city, Puerto Maldonado), the Brazilian state of Acre (capital city, Rio Branco), and the Department of Pando (capital city, Cobija), Bolivia.

Note: Adapted from Sun and Southworth (2013), adapted with permission.

Figure 2. Forest/non-forest maps showing fragmentation dynamics in the MAP region for the year of (a) 1986, (b) 1991, (c) 1996, (d) 2000, (e) 2005, and (f) 2010, interpreted from eight Landsat imageries (path/row: 1/67, 1/68, 2/67, 2/68, 2/69, 3/67, 3/68, 3/69).

Note: Adapted from Sun and Southworth (2013), adapted with permission.

Figure 3. A hypothesized landscape (spatial resolution, 30 m) was convoluted by nine different filters, ranging from 5 × 5 to 537 × 537 pixels, and these such nine filtered maps were then stacked to produce a multi-band layer stack image and to then run an ISO classification with user-defined cluster numbers (five clusters here from c1 to c5).

Table 1. Summary of forest and non-forest areas from 1986 to 2010 in the MAP region*.

State	Cover	1986 (%)	1991 (%)	1996 (%)	2000 (%)	2005 (%)	2010 (%)
1	Non-forest	2.5	6.6	7.5	9.6	14.4	20.0
	Forest	97.5	93.4	92.5	90.4	85.6	80.0
2	Non-forest	2.1	1.7	0.9	1.8	2.0	2.6
	Forest	97.9	98.3	99.1	98.2	98.0	97.4
3	Non-forest	0.4	0.7	0.8	1.3	1.9	2.0
	Forest	99.6	99.3	99.2	98.7	98.1	98.0

Notes: 1, Acre; 2, Madre de Dios; 3, Pando. *where 1% in Acre represents 622.8 km², 1% in Madre de Dios represents 493.5 km², and 1% in Pando represents 542.9 km².

Figure 4. The results of the ISO clustering analysis in the MAP region from 1986 to 2010, using the migrating means clustering algorithm (also known as the ISO cluster) which is based on the similarity of P_n (fragmentation proportion) within nine window sizes. (a) 1986, (b) 1991, (c) 1996, (d) 2000, (e) 2005, and (f) 2010.

Table 2. Summary of ISO cluster analysis in percentage from 1986 to 2010 in the MAP region*.

State	Cluster	1986 (%)	1991 (%)	1996 (%)	2000 (%)	2005 (%)	2010 (%)
1	Core developed	1.7	3.4	4.0	5.6	9.0	13.3
	Newly developed	3.0	4.2	4.4	5.8	6.7	6.7
	Transition	4.3	3.9	5.5	5.7	6.7	6.7
	Peripheral forest	16.0	16.5	16.9	16.1	15.1	14.7
	Core forest	75.0	72.0	69.2	66.8	62.5	58.6
2	Core developed	1.5	1.1	0.5	0.9	1.0	1.5
	Newly developed	2.1	2.0	0.9	2.1	1.9	2.5
	Transition	3.4	2.4	0.9	2.1	2.3	2.5
	Peripheral forest	14.4	13.5	10.7	17.1	16.0	14.3
	Core forest	78.6	81.0	87.0	77.8	75.2	75.7
3	Core developed	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.8	1.0	2.0
	Newly developed	0.4	0.5	0.7	1.3	1.6	2.5
	Transition	0.6	3.1	0.8	1.0	1.3	3.3
	Peripheral forest	5.5	3.7	8.5	10.4	11.2	18.5
	Core forest	93.3	92.4	89.6	86.5	84.9	73.7

Figure 5. The profiles of ISO cluster means along multiple window sizes in Acre, Brazil, from 1986 to 2010. X-axis is the side length of different windows (unit, km) and Y-axis is P_n (fragmentation proportion within each window). (a) 1986, (b) 1991, (c) 1996, (d) 2000, (e) 2005, and (f) 2010.

Figure 6. The profiles of ISO cluster means along multiple window sizes in Pando, Boliva, from 1986 to 2010. X-axis is the side length of different windows (unit, km) and Y-axis is P_n (fragmentation proportion within each window). (a) 1986, (b) 1991, (c) 1996, (d) 2000, (e) 2005, and (f) 2010.

Figure 7. The profiles of ISO cluster means along multiple window sizes in Madre de Dios, Peru, from 1986 to 2010. X-axis is the side length of different windows (unit, km) and Y-axis is P_n (fragmentation proportion within each window). (a) 1986, (b) 1991, (c) 1996, (d) 2000, (e) 2005, and (f) 2010.

Figure 8. The results of the ISO clustering analysis around Rio Branco, Capital of Acre, Brazil, from 1986 to 2010, using the migrating means clustering algorithm (also known as the ISO cluster) which is based on the similarity of P_n (fragmentation proportion) within 9 window sizes. (a) 1986, (b) 1991, (c) 1996, (d) 2000, (e) 2005, and (f) 2010.

Table 3. Summary of forest/non-forest areas from 1986 to 2010 around Rio Branco, Acre*.

Land cover class	1986 (%)	1991 (%)	1996 (%)	2000 (%)	2005 (%)	2010 (%)
Forest	95.3	88.5	85.0	82.9	73.2	65.2
Non-forest	4.7	11.5	15.0	17.1	26.8	34.8

Table 4. Summary of ISO cluster analysis in percentage from 1986 to 2010 around Rio Branco, Acre*.

Cluster	1986 (%)	1991 (%)	1996 (%)	2000 (%)	2005 (%)	2010 (%)
Core developed	3.3	8.3	9.9	11.7	19.0	24.6
Newly developed	5.6	5.3	7.2	8.6	10.4	12.2
Transition	8.8	8.5	11.4	10.8	11.9	11.1
Peripheral forest	25.7	26.1	28.8	28.1	27.0	24.5
Core forest	56.6	51.8	42.7	40.8	31.7	27.6

Sun, J., & Southworth, J. (2013). Indicating structural connectivity in Amazonian rainforests from 1986 to 2010 using morphological image processing analysis. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34, 5187–5200.

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