Minimally invasive palliative interventions in advanced lung cancer

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Nearly 85% of all lung cancers are diagnosed at a late stage, with an associated five-year survival rate of 4%. Malignant central airway obstruction and malignant pleural effusions occur in upwards of 30% of these patients. Many of these patients are in need of palliative interventions for symptom control and to help improve their quality of life.

Areas covered: This review covers the treatment modalities of malignant central airway obstruction and malignant pleural effusion. PubMed was used to search for the most up to date and clinically relevant articles that guide current treatment strategies. This review focuses on rigid bronchoscopy and the tools used for the relief of central airway obstruction, as well as intra-pleural catheter use and pleurodesis for the management of malignant pleural effusions.

Expert commentary: There are multiple treatment modalities that may be used to help alleviate the symptoms of malignant central airway obstruction and pleural effusion. The modality used depends on the urgency of the situation, and specific patient’s goals. An open dialog to understand the patient’s end of life goals is an important factor when choosing the appropriate treatment strategy.

KEYWORDS:

• Malignant central airway obstruction
• malignant pleural effusion
• lung cancer
• palliative care
• interventional pulmonology

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Jon Baer for contributing to the medical image illustrations.

Declaration of interest

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

Reviewers disclosures

Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Additional information

Funding

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number T32HL007534. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.