“We are the soul, pearl and beauty of Hindu Kush Mountains”: exploring resilience and psychological wellbeing of Kalasha, an ethnic and religious minority group in Pakistan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Gunnestad’s (2006) model of development of resilience.

Table 1. Focus group and semi-structured interview question guide.

Question number	Question
1	Tell us something about Kalasha traditions and culture?
2	How do you describe happiness? What makes you happy?
3a	Tell us about your lifestyle in terms of what are the things that make your lives satisfied?
3b	What are some challenges that you face as a community?
3c	How do you overcome those challenges?
4a	What are adverse events as a community that you have faced in the past or recent past?
4b	How did you overcome/manage those events?
5	What are some barriers to your happiness and wellbeing?
6	How are your interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships?
7a	What are your views about other neighbouring tribes?
7b	What are your perceptions about Muslims?
8	Can you tell me about your life here in the Kalash Valley?

Table 2. Semi-structured interviews and FGD participant demographics and individual theme emphasis.

Pseudonym	Gender	Age	Education level	Marital status	Occupation	Reflections/emphasis
Badshah	Male	42	Matric secondary	Married	Hotel manager	Health, education, conversion of faith, social identity pride and spiritual values
Wali	Male	25	Bachelor’s degree	Married	Private job	Threats of security, education and health, gender collaboration
Palwashey	Female	21	Intermediate	Single	Student	Challenges of education and finances, gender equality, tolerance and peace
Amin	Male	31	No formal schooling	Married	Farmer	Conversion of faith, pride in identity and peace beliefs of love and humanity and challenges
Rashka	Female	37	Primary	Married	Farmer/homemaker	Threats and challenges and overcoming strategies, pride in social identity, gratitude
Jannat	Female	48	No formal schooling	Widowed	Homemaker	Gratitude, spirituality, tolerance and gender collaboration, forgiveness, coping strategies
Gulmir	Male	20	Bachelor’s degree	Single	Student/tourist guide	Kalasha traditions, social identity pride, gratitude, love and peace
Lasib	Male	27	Bachelor’s degree	Single	Development sector	Kalasha exclusion, identity and exlusion, social identity pride and Kalasha documentation, lack of opportunities
Shazia	Female	25	Intermediate	Single	Non-governmental job	Lack of opportunities, gender collaboration
Raqib	Male	37	Matriculation	Married	Shopkeeper	Kalasha traditions, spirituality and tolerance, heaven for visitors
Mirza	Male	54	No formal schooling	Married	Shopkeeper	Peace, identity and exclusion, faith in Kalasha, pride in identity and love for humanity, souls of mountains
Jia	Female	32	No formal schooling	Married	Homemaker	Concepts of purity as a group, belief in multiple gods
GulKhan	Male	51	No formal schooling	Married	Farmer/merchant	Threats from religious extremists, solution in gratitude, spirituality, and faith in Kalasha, identity and exclusion
Marina	Female	58	Primary	Female	Homemaker	Kalasha traditions, tourist heaven, social identity pride, belief in gods

Figure 2. Thematic structure.

Gunnestad, A. (2006). Resilience in a cross-cultural perspective: How resilience is generated in different cultures. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 11. Retrieved from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/

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