Gender roles on social networking sites: investigating reciprocal relationships between Dutch adolescents’ hypermasculinity and hyperfemininity and sexy online self-presentations

Figures & data

Table 1. Zero-order correlations between the main variables at all three waves.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Gender wave 1	1	.14**	.11**	.11**	.12**	.08*	.07*	.05	.04	.02
2. Online sexy self-presentation wave 1		1	.56**	.55**	.39**	.30**	.30**	.37**	.31**	.27**
3. Online sexy self-presentation wave 2			1	.58**	.28***	.38**	.30**	.29**	.33**	.28***
4. Online sexy self-presentation wave 3				1	.26**	.28**	.41**	.32**	.31**	.37***
5. Exposure online sexy self-presentation of others wave 1					1	.63**	.55**	.36**	.29**	.24**
6. Exposure online sexy self-presentation of others wave 2						1	.62**	.30**	.35**	.27**
7. Exposure online sexy self-presentation of others wave 3							1	.29**	.30**	.33**
8. Hypergender orientation wave 1								1	.66**	.62**
9. Hypergender orientation wave 2									1	.67**
10. Hypergender orientation wave 3										1

* Correlation is significant at least at the .01 level (2-tailed)

** Correlation is significant at least at the .001 level (2-tailed).

Figure 1. Model showing standardized coefficients for relationships between a sexy online self-presentation, exposure to online sexy self-presentations of others and a hypergender orientation.

Notes: All full paths were significant at p < .05 based on results of normal test theory and Bootstrapping bt CI (95%). For clarity, error terms, control variables, covariance and measurements are not shown. SSP = sexy self-presentation; w1 = wave 1; w2 = wave 2; w3 = wave 3.

Table 2. Gender differences in means of sexy self-presentation, exposure to sexy self-presentations of others, and hypergender orientation.

	Boys	Girls	Difference between means
	M (SD)	M (SD)	F(1, 1466)	p
Sexy self-presentation (wave 1)	1.23 (.56)	1.41 (.74)	27.87	.000
Sexy self-presentation of others (wave 1)	2.69 (1.50)	3.03 (1.49)	19.46	.000
Hypergender orientation (wave 1)	3.37 (1.31)	3.49 (1.26)	3.25	.071
Sexy self-presentation (wave 2)	1.25 (.62)	1.39 (.73)	16.61	.000
Sexy self-presentation of others (wave 2)	2.83 (1.52)	3.07 (1.44)	9.24	.002
Hypergender orientation (wave 2)	3.31 (1.27)	3.43 (1.31)	2.89	.089
Sexy self-presentation (wave 3)	1.28 (.63)	1.43 (.75)	16.26	.000
Sexy self-presentation of others (wave 3)	2.83 (1.53)	3.04 (1.39)	7.32	.007
Hypergender orientation (wave 3)	3.43 (1.27)	3.49 (1.33)	.64	.422

Italic values refer to the standard deviations of the means.