Behavioural determinants of daily energy intake during a 28 day outdoor expedition in Arctic Norway

Figures & data

Table 1. Details of the expedition for the 28 day data collection period (23 July–19 August 2002)

Day	Major activity^a	Approx. time spent in activity (h)	Terrain	Weather
1	Trekking	8	Mountainous	Cloud/rain
2	Training	6	Mountainous	Cloud/rain
3	Training	6	Mountainous	Cloud/rain
4	Hiking	10	Mountainous	Cloud/rain
5	Trekking	4	Mountainous	Cloud/rain
6	Relaxing		Mountainous	Cloud/rain
7	Hiking	4	Ice/snow	Rain
8	Training	6	Ice/snow	Rain
9	Training	6	Ice/snow	Rain
10	Hiking	5	Ice/snow	Rain
11	Trekking	5	Mountainous	Cloud
12	Trekking	9	Mountainous	Cloud
13	Trekking	10	Mountainous	Cloud
14	Hiking	2	Mountainous	Cloud
15	Trekking	8	Mountainous	Cloud
16	Trekking	10	Mountainous	Cloud
17	Trekking	4	Mountainous	Cloud
18	Hiking	7	Ice/snow	Sun
19	Trekking	4	Ice/snow	Sun
20	Relaxing		Ice/snow	Sun
21	Trekking	7	Ice/snow	Sun
22	Relaxing		Mountainous	Cloud/sun
23	Trekking	2	Mountainous	Cloud/sun
24	Hiking	4	Mountainous	Cloud/sun
25	Trekking	2	Mountainous	Cloud/sun
26	Relaxing		Mountainous	Cloud/sun
27	Trekking	6	Mountainous	Cloud/sun
28	Hiking	5	Mountainous	Cloud/sun

^a Most strenuous activity for the day. Hours not given here were spent in quiet relaxing activities or sleep.

Fig. 1. Relationship between energy balance (EB) and initial body weight.

Fig. 2. Relationship between energy balance (EB) and mean daily energy intake (DEI).

Fig. 3. Relationship between energy balance (EB) and mean daily energy expenditure (DEE).

Table 2. Personal characteristics of participants included in the analysis (n=8)

Participant	Age	Body weight at day 1	BMI at day 1	Max. shuttle level at day 1	Change in body weight over expedition	Calculated EB over expedition based on change in body weight	Estimated EB over expedition based on DEI and DEE reports
	(years)	(kg)	(kg m^-2)	(0–20)	(kg)	(kcal)	(kcal)
1	17	56	21.8	7.6	0.5	3 500	3 388
2	18	73	22.5	7.6	-2.7	-18 900	-20 104
6	18	57	18.6	7.9	0	0	1 260
7	19	65	21.2	7.0	-1.9	-13 300	-14 392
8	17	66	20.4	13.0	-2.9	-20 300	-18 928
9	17	59	20.4	4.5	-4.0	-28 000	-31 192
10	17	63	21.8	7.9	-3.9	-27 300	-29 372
11	19	77	23.8	7.8	-5.8	-40 600	-41 188
Mean	17.8	64.5	21.3	7.9	-2.6	-18 113	-18 816
SD	0.9	7.5	1.6	2.8	2.1	14 695	15 503

BMI: body mass index; EB: energy balance; DEI: daily energy intake; DEE: daily energy expenditure.

Table 3. Mean, SD and range for energy intake, internal, external and food-related stimuli, and energy expenditure (n=217)

Variable	Mean per day	SD per day	Range per day
Daily energy intake (DEI) (kcal)	2769	832	994 to 6454
Daily energy expenditure (DEE) (kcal)	3437	989	1716 to 6210
Estimated energy balance (EB) (kcal)	-669	1306	-3618 to 3644
Subjective hunger (0 - 6)	4.3	0.7	2.0 to 6.0
Subjective thirst (0 - 6)	3.8	1.0	1.6 to 6.0
Subjective happiness (0 - 6)	3.7	0.9	1.2 to 6.0
Subjective alertness (0 - 6)	3.5	0.8	1.2 to 5.8
Subjective lethargy (0 - 6)	3.0	0.9	1.0 to 6.0
Subjective body temperature (0 - 6)	3.0	0.6	1.4 to 5.0
Mean type of meal consumed (ordered as above)	2.4	0.4	1.3 to 3.5
Mean location of meal consumed (ordered as above)	1.3	0.3	1.0 to 2.3
Mean number of others present (n)	9.8	3.1	1.7 to 16.7
Mean number of others consuming (n)	8.3	3.2	1.3 to 14.0
Mean number of eating occasions (n)	3.9	1.0	2.0 to 7.0
Total time spent consuming (min)	121	52	30 to 309
Pleasantness (0 - 6)	4.4	0.7	2.5 to 6.0
Tastiness (0 - 6)	4.1	0.8	2.3 to 6.0
Sweetness (0 - 6)	3.3	1.1	1.0 to 6.0
Savouriness (0 - 6)	2.9	1.1	0.0 to 6.0
Heat (0 - 6)	3.0	0.8	0.0 to 5.0
Coldness (0 - 6)	2.7	1.5	0.0 to 6.0
Familiarity (0 - 6)	4.5	1.1	1.5 to 6.0
Satisfaction (0 - 6)	4.4	0.7	2.0 to 6.0

Table 4. Regression coefficients for all variables in the regression model for daily energy intake (n=217)

Variable	Coefficient	95% CI	t	p
No. of eating occasions	264.87	105.29 to 424.58	3.92	0.01*
Time taken	4.52	1.38 to 7.66	3.41	0.01*
Happiness	260.71	84.22 to 437.20	3.49	0.01*
Pleasantness	192.12	36.72 to 347.51	2.92	0.02*
Perceived body temperature	362.08	-6.32 to 730.48	2.32	0.06
Savouriness	-111.60	-261.33 to 38.13	-1.76	0.12
Hunger	197.22	-83.26 to 477.69	1.66	0.14
Thirst	-86.12	-217.85 to 45.60	-1.55	0.17
Sweetness	-112.06	-317.49 to 93.36	-1.29	0.24
Location	-148.32	-626.45 to 329.81	-0.73	0.49
Familiarity	-44.92	-204.21 to 114.38	-0.67	0.53
Heat	-47.86	-235.69 to 139.97	-0.60	0.57
No. of others consuming	9.55	-29.48 to 48.58	0.58	0.58
Alertness	3.32	-227.60 to 234.24	0.03	0.97
Energy expenditure	0.11	-0.01 to 0.23	2.26	0.06

*Significant predictor (p<0.05).