Reported macronutrient intake and metabolic risk factors: immigrant women from Iran and Turkey compared with native Swedish women

Figures & data

Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the subjects^a

	Iranian (n=71)	Turkish (n=36)	Swedish (n=50)
Age (years)	47.1±8.1*	45.7±7.3	51.1±9.0†
Education (illiteracy) (%)	0	26†	–
Low education (0–6 years) (%)	11	60†	–
BMI (kg m^-2)	26.3±4.6*	28.4±4.1†	24.7±3.3†
SAD (cm)	21.9±2.7*	23.3±2.4†	21.5±2.3†
Chol (mmol l^-1)	5.18±0.09	5.23±0.77	5.79±0.86
TG (mmol l^-1)	1.39±0.61*	1.37±0.52	0.96±0.52†
HDL-C (mmol l^-1)	1.32±0.33*	1.33±0.32	1.68±0.38†
LDL-C/HDL-C	2.65±1.08*	2.62±0.90	2.35±0.93
Insulin (mU l^-1)	8.19±5.13	9.39±3.98	7.29±5.02†
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome^b	13	30†	10†

^a Data from Daryani et al. 8.

Data are shown as mean±SD.

^b The metabolic syndrome is defined as having three or more risk factors 10.

BMI: body mass index; SAD: sagittal abdominal diameter; Chol: serum cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; –: no data.

p adjusted for age. Significant differences (p<0.05): *Iranian vs Swedish women; †Iranian vs Turkish women; †Turkish vs Swedish women.

Table 2. Average daily intake of energy and macronutrient intake according to reported 24 h food recalls for each group and three pairwise comparisons

	Iranian (n=71)	Turkish (n=36)	Swedish (n=50)
Energy (MJ)^a	5.6±1.1*	5.7±1.6	7.5±1.5†
Fat (g) ^a	46±12*	56±21†	67±15†
E%	31±5*	35±6†	33±4
SFA (g) ^a	17±5*	21±10†	29±7†
E%	11±2*	13±3	14±2†
MUFA (g) ^a	17±5*	21±8†	24±6†
E%	11±2	13±3†	12±2†
PUFA (g) ^a	10±4	10±3	10±4
E%	6±2*	6±2	5±2†
Cholesterol (mg)	173±70*	206±101	283±92†
Protein (g)	52±11*	50±15	71±13†
E%	16±2	15±2	16±2†
Carbohydrates (g)	174*	165±43	209±49†
E%	53±6*	50±6†	47±5
Dietary fibre (g)	16±4*	15±5	18±5†
Sucrose (g)	30±15	32±11	31±14
E%	9±4*	10±2	7±2†
Alcohol (g)	1±2*	0.2±0.1	7±8†
E%	0.4±1*	0.1±0.3	3±3†
FILest	0.96±0.2*	1.01±0, 33	1.26±0.26†
PALest	1.66±0.14*	1.71±0.12†	1.72±0.12

^a Data from Daryani et al. 8.

Data are shown as mean±SD.

E%: Energy per cent; FIL_est: estimated food intake level; PAL_est: estimated physical activity level.

p adjusted for age. Significant differences (p<0.05): *Iranian vs Swedish women; †Iranian vs Turkish women; †Turkish vs Swedish women.

Table 3. Spearman rank correlation between metabolic and dietary intake variables

	SFA E%		MUFA E%		PUFA E%		P/S		M/S
	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p	r	p
BMI	-0.12	0.15	0.006	0.94	0.06	0.47	0.09	0.26	0.08	0.31
WHR	-0.43	0.6	0.02	0.76	0.01	0.86	0.03	0.09	0.03	0.72
TG	-0.13	0.09	-0.11	0.16	-0.09	0.23	0.12	0.13	0.03	0.75
Chol	0.11	0.16	-0.06	0.47	-0.17	0.04*	-0.18	0.02*	-0.17	0.04*
HDL-C	0.2	0.02*	0.08	0.31	-0.17	0.03*	-0.21	0.01*	-0.11	0.18
LDL-C	0.12	0.14	-0.31	0.71	-0.12	0.12	-0.15	0.06	-0.15	0.06
LDL-C/ HDL-C	-0.03	0.73	-0.06	0.46	0.02	0.78	0.01	0.86	-0.04	0.6

BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist/hip ratio; TG: triglycerides; chol: serum cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C/HDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio; E%: energy per cent; SFA: saturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; P/S: polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio; M/S: monounsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio.

*Significant correlation (p<0.05).

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