Framing the Colombian Peace Process: Between Peace and War Journalism

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean differences between war frame indicators.

	T	df	Mean difference	SD
Elite sources and voices	52,229	840	.76 ***	.424
Two party conflict reporting	48,844	840	.74 ***	.439
Here and now	39,845	840	.65 ***	.476
Visible effects of violence	36,065	840	.61 ***	.488
Emotive language	29,716	840	.51 ***	.5
Problems & differences	25,218	838	.43 ***	.496
Victimizing language	23,465	840	.40 ***	.489
Labeling as good or bad	19,941	838	.32 ***	.467
Demonizing language	14,321	839	.20 ***	.397

***p < .001.

Table 2. Mean differences between peace frame indicators.

	t	df	Mean difference	SD
Avoiding labeling parties as good or bad	42,138	838	.68 ***	0.467
Non-Victimizing language	35,919	839	.61 ***	.489
Non-Emotive language	28,268	840	.49 ***	.5
Unifying language	25,207	839	.43 ***	.495
Causes and consequences	23,355	840	.41 ***	.497
Solutions & similarities	21,262	838	.35 ***	.477
Multiparty conflict reporting	17,201	839	.27 ***	.439
Common people’s sources	16,614	840	.25 ***	.431
Invisible effects of violence	13,174	840	.17 ***	.377

***p < .001.

Table 3. Comparing group privileged by peace/war frames.

	Frames present
Group privileged	Peace (%, n)	War (%, n)	Neutral (%, n)	Total (%, n)
Antagonists	12.1 (33)	45.7 (214)	18 (18)	31.5 (265)
Supporters	69.6 (190)	37.4 (175)	58 (58)	50.3 (423)
Neither/Other	18.3 (50)	16.9 (79)	24 (24)	18.2 (153)
Total (%, n)	100 (273)	100 (428)	100 (100)	100 (841)

X² = 107.682, df = 4, p < .001.

Table 4. Comparing country/region of the media outlet by peace/war frames.

	Frames present
Country/Region of the media outlet	Peace (%, n)	War (%, n)	Neutral (%, n)	Total (%, n)
Colombia	24.2 (100)	66.6 (275)	9.2 (38)	100 (413)
Europe	44.4 (56)	43.7 (55)	15 (11.9)	100 (126)
US/Canada	37 (102)	47.1 (130)	15.9 (44)	100 (276)
Other	57.7 (15)	30.8 (8)	11.5 (3)	100 (28)
Total	32.5 (273)	55.6 (468)	11.9 (100)	100 (841)

X² = 46.025, df = 6, p < .001.

Table 5. Comparison of mean differences of war frame indicators by country/region of the media outlet.

	Country of the media outlet
War frame indicators	Colombia M (SD)	Europe M (SD)	US/Canada M (SD)	Other M (SD)	F value
Here and now	.71 (.451)^a	.75 (.437)^a	.52 (.51)^b	.61 (.496)^a, b	11.538***
Visible effects of violence	.44 (.497)^a	.78 (.417)^b	.77 (.418)^a, b	.65 (.485)^a, b	36.114***
Elite Sources	.73 (.446)	.81 (.41)	.81 (.394)	.73 (.452)	2.462
Labeling parties as good or bad	.45 (.499)^a	.13 (.334)^b	.2 (.427)^c, b	.15 (.368)^b, c	22.891***
Two party conflict reporting	.79 (.408)^a	.72 (.45)^a	.67 (.469)^b	.73 (.452)^a, b	3.935**
Problems & differences	.64 (.480)^a	.19 (.394)^a	.25 (434)^b	.19 (.402)^a, b	59.343***
Victimizing language	.41 (.491)	.37 (.485)	.41 (.492)	.31 (.471)	.431
Demonizing language	.24 (.429)^a	.063 (.245)^b	.20 (.403)^a	.04 (.196)^a, b	6.038***
Emotive language	.46 (.499)^a	.52 (.502)^a	.60 (.491)^b	.38 (.491)^a, b	4.685**

Notes: Higher means represent the presence of higher war frame indicators. Standard deviations are noted in parentheses. Different superscripts (a, b, c, or d) indicate statistically significant differences in Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Differences in means with the same superscript are not statistically significant. N = 841. **p < .01; ***p < .001.

Table 6. Comparison of mean differences of peace frame indicators by country/region of the media outlet.

	Country of the media outlet
Peace frame indicators	Colombia M (SD)	Europe M (SD)	US/Canada M (SD)	Other M (SD)	F value
Causes and consequences	.34 (.474)^a	.36 (.481)^a	.51 (.522)^b	.42 (.54)^a, b	7.120***
Invisible effects of violence	.19 (.390)	.13 (.343)	.18 (.386)	.0 (.0)	2.479
Common people’s sources	.28 (.451)	.24 (.428)	.20 (.4)	.23 (.430)	2.136
Non-Labeling parties as good/bad	.55 (.498)^a	.87 (.334)^b	.76 (.426)^c, b	.85 (.368)^b, c	22.982***
Multi-party conflict reporting	.21 (.408)^a	.28 (.45)^a	.33 (.470)^b	.27 (.452)^a, b	4.001**
Solutions & similarities	.21 (.411)^a	.62 (.488)^b	.41 (.493)^c	.58 (.504)^b, c	30.792***
Non-Victimizing language	.60 (.491)	.63 (.486)	.60 (.491)	.69 (.471)	.396
Unifying Language	.24 (.430)^a	.67 (.473)^b	.59 (.493)^c, b	.58 (.504)^b, c	45.259***
Non-Emotive language	.54 (.499)^a	.48 (.502)^a	.40 (.491)^b	.62 (.496)^a, b	4.685**

Notes: Higher means represent the presence of higher peace frame indicators. Standard deviations are noted in parentheses. Different superscripts (a, b, c, or d) indicate statistically significant differences in Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Differences in means with the same superscript are not statistically significant. N = 841. **p < .001, ***p < .0001.

Table 7. Comparison of mean number of social media recommendations by peace/war frames.

	Peace M (SD)	War M (SD)	Neutral M (SD)	F value
FB shares	603.53 (1233.76)^a	1073.33 (1613.57)^b	599.90 (1001.23)^a	11.147***
FB likes	1268.22 (2965.18)	1823.03(7393.52)	1046,68 (1915.82)	1.213
FB comments	402.60 (779.04)	524.32 (908.19)	457.08 (836.73)	1.757
TW shares	234.56 (495.76)^a	452.44 (782.62)^b	251.71 (534.78)^a	10.401***

Notes: Higher means represent more social recommendations. Standard deviations are noted in parentheses. Different superscripts (a, b, c, or d) indicate statistically significant differences in Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Differences in means with the same superscript are not statistically significant. N = 841. ***p < .001.

Table 8. Comparison of mean number of social media recommendations by negative emotive language.

	Negative emotive language
Social media recommendations	No — M (SD)	Yes — M (SD)	t-value
FB shares	796.825 (1469.77)	1009.291 (1410.58)	1.978*
FB likes	1596.457 (6896.742)	1452.62 (2078.922)	.334
FB comments	482.124 (910.81)	465.46 (743.53)	.261
TWT shares	280.937 (600.90)	522.28 (806.08)	4.845***

*p < .05; ***p < .001.

Table 9. Comparison of mean number of social media recommendations by positive emotive language.

	Positive emotive language
Social media recommendations	No — M (SD)	Yes — M (SD)	t-value
FB shares	1011.03 (1481.19)	418.70 (1269.64)	5.176***
FB likes	1751.69 (6573.17)	938.71 (2147.78)	1.753
FB comments	544.38 (899.74)	271.19 (691.06)	4.007***
TWT shares	411.36 (745.04)	194.99 (396.34)	4.005***

***p < .001.