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Original Articles

A deterministic model for influenza infection with multiple strains and antigenic drift

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Pages 199-211 | Received 23 Feb 2012, Accepted 29 Apr 2013, Published online: 24 May 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1. Transitions between classes when there is only one strain present. Notice this is a regular Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model.

Figure 1. Transitions between classes when there is only one strain present. Notice this is a regular Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model.

Figure 2. Transitions between classes with two co-circulating strains.

Figure 2. Transitions between classes with two co-circulating strains.

Figure 3. Transitions between classes with three co-circulating strains.

Figure 3. Transitions between classes with three co-circulating strains.

Figure 4. Transitions between classes with four co-circulating strains.

Figure 4. Transitions between classes with four co-circulating strains.

Figure 5. Hypothetical phylogenetic tree of seven influenza strains.

Figure 5. Hypothetical phylogenetic tree of seven influenza strains.

Figure 6. Prevalence (measured in percentage of the population infected per day) for different values of non-negative ϵ, i.e. for the tropics and the northern hemisphere. The dashed vertical lines represent the middle of the winter of each year.

Figure 6. Prevalence (measured in percentage of the population infected per day) for different values of non-negative ϵ, i.e. for the tropics and the northern hemisphere. The dashed vertical lines represent the middle of the winter of each year.

Figure 7. The herald wave phenomenon. A summer wave of a new strain predicts the strain that will dominate over the following winter. The value of seasonal forcing used is ϵ=0.20. Prevalence for each strain is measured in percentage of the population infected per day.

Figure 7. The herald wave phenomenon. A summer wave of a new strain predicts the strain that will dominate over the following winter. The value of seasonal forcing used is ϵ=0.20. Prevalence for each strain is measured in percentage of the population infected per day.

Figure 8. Average size and standard deviation of the major annual peak for different non-negative values of ϵ, i.e. for the tropics and the northern hemisphere.

Figure 8. Average size and standard deviation of the major annual peak for different non-negative values of ϵ, i.e. for the tropics and the northern hemisphere.

Figure 9. Average day and standard deviation of the major annual peak for different non-negative values of ϵ, i.e. for the tropics and the northern hemisphere.

Figure 9. Average day and standard deviation of the major annual peak for different non-negative values of ϵ, i.e. for the tropics and the northern hemisphere.