Impacts of poverty stigma on negative affect among welfare recipients: path analysis on Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic information of respondents (Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR)

		Mainland China		HKSAR
		%	N	%	N
Sex	Male	59.2	2512	40.0	591
	Female	40.8	1730	60.0	885
Age	18–40	10.3	437	21.3	314
	41–59	51.0	2163	38.6	569
	≥60	38.7	1641	40.0	591
Educational Attainment	Primary or below	43.9	1863	35.4	522
	Secondary	51.4	2179	50.9	751
	Tertiary or above	4.7	198	13.8	203
Employment Status	Full-time work	5.6	239	36.2	535
	Part-time work	19.3	817	9.1	135
	Not working/economic inactive/other	75.1	3186	54.6	806
Marital status	Married/cohabit	64.2	2725	60.8	898
	Single/separated/divorces/widowed	35.8	1517	39.2	578
Welfare Status	Taking Dibao/CSSA	59.8	2533	8.3	122
	Not taking Dibao/CSSA	40.2	1702	91.7	1352

Table 2. Major variables of well-being of welfare and non-welfare respondents (Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR)

	Mainland China				HKSAR
	Dibao		Non-Dibao		CSSA		Non-CSSA
	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	N
Poverty stigma (China: Min:1; Max:5; HK: Min:0; Max:3)	2.41(1.09)	2513	2.27(1.03)	1690	0.55(0.78)	122	0.25(0.59)	1349
Perceived living standard (China: Min:1; Max:5; HK: Min:1; Max:5)	3.26(1.05)	2532	3.17(1.06)	1702	2.30(0.66)	122	2.92(0.59)	1345
Social Interaction Index (China: Min:1; Max:16; HK: Min:2; Max:12)	8.83(3.81)	2417	9.61(3.92)	1641	8.83(3.13)	122	9.51(2.97)	1350
Self-rated health (China: Min:1; Max:5; HK: Min:1; Max:5)	2.31(1.06)	2532	2.68(1.17)	1702	2.41(0.89)	122	2.81(0.93)	1349
Negative Affect (China: Min:2; Max:10; HK: Min:0; Max:10)	5.71(2.91)	2530	4.98(2.83)	1701	3.24(2.57)	122	2.21(2.16)	1344

Table 3. ANOVA result of major variables between welfare recipients and non-welfare recipients (Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR)

		Mainland China					HKSAR
		SS	df	MS	F	P	SS	df	MS	F	P
Poverty stigma	Between Groups	20.04	1	20.04	17.65	.000	10.18	1	10.18	27.40	.000
	Within Groups	4770.71	4201	1.14			545.51	1469	.37
	Total	4790.75	4202				555.69	1470
Perceived living standard	Between Groups	9.26	1	9.26	8.35	.004	43.85	1	43.85	124.25	.000
	Within Groups	4697.98	4232	1.11			517.02	1465	.35
	Total	4707.24	4233				560.87	1466
Social Interaction Index	Between Groups	596.64	1	596.64	40.15	.000	52.12	1	52.12	5.86	.016
	Within Groups	60271.89	4056	14.86			13076.74	1470	8.90
	Total	60868.53	4057				13128.86	1471
Self-rated health	Between Groups	143.19	1	143.19	117.72	.000	17.98	1	17.98	21.05	.000
	Within Groups	5147.57	4232	1.22			1257.04	1472	.85
	Total	5290.76	4233				1275.01	1473
Negative Affect	Between Groups	542.17	1	542.17	65.50	.000	119.28	1	119.29	24.71	.000
	Within Groups	35004.18	4229	8.28			7065.88	1464	4.83
	Total	35546.35	4230				7185.17	1465

Table 4. Path coefficients, standard errors, and critical ratios of the overall model (Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR)

			Mainland China				HKSAR
			b	β	S.E.	C.R.	b	β	S.E.	C.R.
Social Interaction	←	Poverty stigma	−.162	−.046**	.055	−2.960	−.824	−.169***	.125	−6.613
Social Interaction	←	Perceived living standard	.341	.095***	.055	6.162	.738	.153***	.124	5.950
Self-rate health	←	Social Interaction	.015	.052***	.004	3.457	.036	.115***	.008	4.372
Self-rate health	←	Poverty stigma	−.159	−.151***	.016	−9.968	.011	.007	.040	.284
Self-rate health	←	Perceived living standard	.112	.106***	.016	6.965	.268	.178***	.039	6.804
Negative affect	←	Poverty stigma	1.304	.479***	.035	37.549	.068	.019	.092	.733
Negative affect	←	Perceived living standard	−.454	−.165***	.035	−12.976	−.373	−.104***	.093	−4.008
Negative affect	←	Social Interaction	−.055	−.071***	.010	−5.675	.057	.077	.019	2.990
Negative affect	←	Self-rate health	−.363	−.140***	.033	−10.971	−.617	−.260***	.061	−10.172

b Unstandardized Coefficients, β Standardized Coefficients, S.E. Standard Error, C.R. Critical Ratio, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

Table 5. Standardized total and indirect effect of overall model (Mainland China and Hong Kong SAR)

	Mainland China				HKSAR
	Perceived living standard	Poverty stigma	Social Interaction	Self-rate health	Perceived living standard	Poverty stigma	Social Interaction	Self-rate health
	Standardized total effect
Social Interaction	.095	−.046	.000	.000	.153	−.169	.000	.000
Self-rate health	.111	−.154	.052	.000	.195	−.012	.115	.000
Negative affect	−.187	.504	−.079	−.140	−.143	.009	.047	−.260
	Standardized direct effect
Social Interaction	.095	−.046	.000	.000	.153	−.169	.000	.000
Self-rate health	.106	−.151	.052	.000	.178	.007	.115	.000
Negative affect	−.165	.479	−.071	−.140	−.104	.019	.077	−.260
	Standardized indirect effect
Social Interaction	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000	.000
Self-rate health	.005	−.002	.000	.000	.017	−.019	.000	.000
Negative affect	−.022	.025	−.007	.000	−.039	−.010	−.030	.000

Figure 1. Path analysis of key variables.

Mainland China result in { }; Hong Kong SAR result in []; **p <. 01, ***p <.001