Green synthesis of silver chloride nanoparticles using Prunus persica L. outer peel extract and investigation of antibacterial, anticandidal, antioxidant potential

Figures & data

Figure 1. UV–Vis spectra of silver nanoparticles (PE-AgClNPs) synthesized by the peach outer peel extracts (PE). Inset: fruit and outer peel of peach (P. persica L.) (left); Change in color of the solution confirming the synthesis of PE-AgClNPs ((a) – AgNO₃ solution, (b) – peach outer peel extracts (PE), (c) – PE-AgClNPs) (Right).

Figure 2. SEM image (a); size distribution graph (b) and EDX (c) of silver nanoparticles synthesized by the peach outer peel extracts.

Figure 3. XRD (a), TGA (b; blue line is the TGA pattern of PE-AgClNPs and green line is the derivative weight of PE-AgClNPs) and FT-IR analysis (c) of silver nanoparticles (PE-AgClNPs) synthesized by the peach outer peel extracts (PE).

Table 1. Antibacterial activity of PE-AgClNPs (50 µg/disc) against five foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria	PE-AgClNPs	AgNO3	PE	DMSO	MIC (µg/mL)	MBC (µg/mL)
B. cereus ATCC 13061	9.03 ± 0.27^b*	0	0	0	50	100
E. coli ATCC 43890	10.83 ± 0.25^a	0	0	0	50	100
L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115	0^c	0	0	0	0	0
S. aureus ATCC 49444	9.01 ± 0.15^b	0	0	0	50	100
S. Typhimurium ATCC 43174	0^c	0	0	0	0	0

*Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in mm ± SD. Values in the same column with different superscript letters are significantly different at P < .05. AgNO₃ – 1 mM (10 µl/disc); PE extract (10 µL/disc), 5% DMSO (10 µL/disc).

Figure 4. Synergistic antibacterial potential and anticandidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by the peach outer peel extracts. The green circles represent the diameter of zone of inhibition.

Table 2. Synergistic antibacterial activity of PE-AgClNPs (25 µg) with standard antibiotics, kanamycin (5 µg) or rifampicin (5 µg), against foodborne pathogenic bacteria.

Bacteria	PE-AgClNPs + Kanamycin	PE-AgClNPs + Rifampicin
B. cereus ATCC 13061	11.60 ± 0.17*^b	9.59 ± 0.01^b
E. coli ATCC 43890	11.34 ± 0.67^c	9.42 ± 0.24^b
L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115	8.84 ± 0.19^d	0^c
S. aureus ATCC 49444	12.28 ± 0.25^a	14.70 ± 0.13^a
S. Typhimurium ATCC 43174	11.01 ± 0.18^c	0^c

*Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in mm ± SD. Values in the same column with different superscript letters are significantly different at P < .05.

Table 3. Synergistic anticandidal activity of PE-AgClNPs (50 µg) with standard antifungal agent, amphotericin b (5 µg), against pathogenic Candida species.

Candida	PE-AgClNPs + amphotericin b
Candida albicans KACC 30003	11.47 ± 0.91^bc*
Candida albicans KACC 30062	12.94 ± 0.12^ab
Candida glabrata KBNO6P00368	10.51 ± 0.23^c
Candida glochares KACC 30061	14.01 ± 0.11^a
Candida saitoana KACC 41238	11.28 ± 0.20^bc

*Data are expressed as the mean zone of inhibition in mm ± SD. Values with different superscript letters are significantly different at P < .05.

Figure 5. Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by the peach outer peel extracts. DPPH free radical scavenging (A), nitric oxide scavenging (B), ABTS radical scavenging (C) and reducing power (D) potential of silver nanoparticles (PE-AgClNPs) and ascorbic acid as the reference compound. Different superscript letters in each column indicate significant differences at P < .05.