Pinus wallichiana-synthesized silver nanoparticles as biomedical agents: in-vitro and in-vivo approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. UV absorption (λmax) of P. wallichiana stem extract and AgNPs.

Figure 2. (a) XRD analysis of AgNPs. (b) Stem powder. (c) Stem aqueous extract.

Table 1. Crystalline size of P. wallichiana AgNPs using the Debye–Scherer’s equation.

S. no	Peak at 2θ	FWHM	β = 2πFWHM/360	θ = (θ2 + θ1)π/360	D = Kλ/β·cosθ
1.	29.65	0.24888	0.0043	29.1° = 0.52	336.65
2.	38.2	0.25064	0.0043	37.9 = 0.662	336.65
3.	44.35	0.26966	0.047	44.05 = 0.768	308
4.	64.5	0.29494	0.0051	64.62 = 1.127	283.84
5.	77.4	0.30994	0.0054	77.75 = 1.356	263.07

Note: Average size of AgNPs = 305.64 Å and 30.5 nm.

Figure 3. Images of SEM showing spherical-shape of AgNPs.

Figure 4. EDX profile of P. wallichiana stem extract.

Figure 5. EDX profile of P. wallichiana stem-derived AgNPs.

Figure 6. The FTIR analysis of aqueous extract of stem and AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Table 2. Mutagenic activity of AgNPs.

Sample	TA98 +ive wells/total wells	Result	TA100 +ive wells/total wells	Result
Background	5/96		10/96
2-Nitro fluorine	85/96	Mutagenic	–	–
NaN3	–	–	87/96	Mutagenic
AgNPs	4/96	Nonmutagenic	0/96	Nonmutagenic

Figure 7. Acute toxicity activity of P. wallichiana stem-derived AgNPs.

Figure 8. Analgesic activity of P. wallichiana stem-derived AgNPs.

Figure 9. GIT motility of P. wallichiana stem-derived AgNPs.

Figure 10. Antipyretic effect of P. wallichiana stem-derived AgNPs.

Figure 11. Antibacterial activity of AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Table 3. MIC₅₀ (mg/ml) and MBC₅₀ (mg/ml) of AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Test bacteria	MIC50 (mg/ml)	MBC50 (mg/ml)	Test sample
E. coli	2.52	6.44	AgNPs
P. aeruginosa	3.76	6.32
S. aureus	5.0	8.96
M. morganii	3.12	6.16
A. baumannii	2.36	5.0
P. vulgaris	2.76	4.24
VRSA	2.92	7.0

Figure 12. Antifungal activity of AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Table 4. Antioxidant activity of the stem-derived AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Concentration (µg/ml)	Percent antioxidant activity AgNPs	Control (vitamin C)
100	38.59 ± 0.638	39.23 ± 0.62
200	46.55 ± 0.55	64.65 ± 1.59
300	54.19 ± 0.485	75.86 ± 1.52
400	61.77 ± 0.828	81.24 ± 0.64
500	70.25 ± 0.56	83.45 ± 0.43
EC50	303.03 (µg/ml)	186.97 (µg/ml)

Figure 13. Cytotoxic activity of AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Table 5. Anti-thrombolytic activity of AgNPs of P. wallichiana.

Concentration (µg/ml)	Percent clot lysis
	20	40	60	80	100
AgNPs	4.65	9.45	16.66	21.45	26.33
Positive control	60.73
Negative control	3.39