Durian waste mediated green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proposed mechanism for durian rind aqueous extract mediated formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Figure 2. The effect of Zinc acetate concentration on ZnO NPs formation.

Figure 3. The bandgap of ZnO NPs.

Figure 4. (A) SEM image of ZnO NPs at 400 nm resolution, (B) TEM image of ZnO NPs, (C) XRD pattern of ZnO NPs, (D) EDX spectra of ZnO NPs.

Figure 5. (A) Size distribution of ZnO NPs obtained from dynamic light scattering, (B) Zeta potential of ZnO NPs.

Table 1. Antimicrobial activities of ZnO NPs.

Bacteria	Zone of Inhibition (mm)^a
	Ampicillin	ZnO NPs + Ampicillin
E. coli	20 ± 1.06	20 ± 1.20
S. aureus	17 ± 1.15	21 ± 1.10

^a(values ± SD, n = 3).

Figure 6. IC₅₀ value of ZnO NPs radical scavenging activity.

Figure 7. Degradation of methylene blue under solar irradiation: (A) in absence of ZnO NPs at pH 10, (B) in the presence of ZnO NPs at pH 10.

Figure 8. (A) Photocatalytic degradation efficiency of ZnO NPs, (B) Percentage degradation of methylene blue in the presence and absence of ZnO NPs under solar irradiation.

Figure 9. Calibration curve of sulphanilamide.

Figure 10. Percentage degradation of sulfanilamide at pH 7, 9, 10, 11and 12 in different time interval under natural sunlight.

Figure 11. UV-Vis spectra of degradation of sulfanilamide at different time interval in the presence of 0.10% ZnO NPs under natural sunlight.

Figure 12. Percentage degradation of sulfanilamide at different time interval in the presence of 0.10% ZnO NPs under natural sunlight.

Figure 13. Percentage degradation of sulfanilamide at different time interval in the presence and absence of 0.10% ZnO NPs under natural sunlight.

Figure 14. Cytotoxic effect of ZnO NPs against Artemia salina.