Cashew nutshell liquid and its derivatives in oil field applications: an update

Figures & data

Figure 1. (a) Cashew tree (b) cashew fruit (c) CNSL and (d) cashew nutshell.

Table 1. Products derived from cashew – apple, nut, and wood.

S/N	Cashew tree part	Derivable products	Reference
1	Apple	Juice, jelly, syrup, fenny, jam (using osomotic dehydration) and wine	(2, 3)
2	Nut	Kernel snack, kernel oil and CNSL	(2)
3	Wood	Furnitures, logs/lumbers for constructions fishing boats fuel	(1, 2)

Figure 2. Chemical composition of CNSL: (a) anacardic acid, (b) cardanol, (c) cardol and (d) 2-methylcardol (23, 24).

Figure 3. Drum for roasting and hot oil bath.

Figure 4. Solar cooker.

Figure 5. Solvent extraction setup.

Figure 6. Reaction scheme showing some vital reactions of Cardanol.

Figure 7. Steam treatment and mechanical crushing extraction scheme for CNSL (67).

Adeigbe, O.O.; Olasupo, F.O.; Adewale, B.D.; Muyiwa, A.A. A Update on Cashew Research and Production in Nigeria in the Last Four Decades. Sci. Res. Essays 2015, 10 (5), 196–209.

 Google Scholar

Suganya, P.; Dharshini, R. Value Added Products from Cashew Apple-an Alternate Nutritional Source. Int. J. Current Res. 2011, 3, 177–180.

 Google Scholar

Hammed, L.A.; Anikwe, J.C.; Adededji, A.R. Cashew Nuts and Production Development in Nigeria. Am. Eurasian J. Sci. Res. 2008, 3 (1), 54–61.

 Google Scholar

Victor-Oji, C.O.; Chukwu, U.J.; Akaranta, O. Comparative Study of Cashew nut Shell Liquid and a Commercial Demulsifier for Treating Crude oil Emulsions. Chem. Sci. Int. J. 2019, XX, 1–17.

 Google Scholar

Puchot, L., Cardanol: A Bio-based Building Block for New Sustainable and Functional Materials Doctoral dissertation, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016.

 Google Scholar

Solanki, J.H.; Javiya, T.V. Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Fuel a Substitute for Diesel Fuel to be Used in CI Engine. Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2012, 1 (2), 8–12.

 Google Scholar