β-Agonist in the environmental waters: a review on threats and determination methods

Figures & data

Table 1. Physicochemical properties and some uses of four of the most prominent β-agonists

S/N	Name	IUPAC Name	Structure	Molecular formula (g/mol)	Water solubility (mg/mL)	pKa	Uses	Ref.
1.	Clenbuterol	1-(4-amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)−2-(tert-butyl amino) ethan-1-ol		C12H18Cl2N2O	1120	14.1	It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.	(17)
2.	Ractopamine	4-[3-[[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl] amino] butyl] phenol		C18H23NO3	4100	9.19	An animal feed additive Stimulates beta-adrenergic receptors.	(17)
3.	Salbutamol	4-[2-(tert-butyl amino)−1-hydroxyethyl]−2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol		C13H21NO3	1430	10.12	Used in the treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD.	(18)
4.	Terbutaline	5-[2-(tert-butyl amino)−1-hydroxyethyl] benzene-1,3-diol		C12H19NO3	2130	8.86	Used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.	(19)

Figure 1. Frequency of publications on β-agonists determination in water samples for the last 35 years

Figure 2. Major categories of determination methods for β-agonists in water.

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