Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Daucus carota L.: antiradical, antimicrobial potentials, in vitro cytotoxicity against brain glioblastoma cells

Figures & data

Figure 1. Change in color for leaf extract containing silver before and after the preparation of AgNPs.

Figure 2. UV–Vis spectra analysis: Plasmon resonance of AgNP05 reduced by D. carota at 437 nm and plasmon resonance of AgNP01 reduced by D. Carota at 429 nm.

Figure 3. Comparative FTIR spectra of leaf extract, AgNP05 and AgNP01 obtained from D. carota L. (DCLE).

Figure 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of synthesized (a) AgNP05 and (b) AgNP01 from D. carota leaf extract (DCLE).

Figure 5. TEM image of the synthesized (a) AgNP05 and (b) AgNP01 from D. carota leaf extract (DCLE).

Figure 6. Mechanism of reaction for the action of silver nanoparticles (AgNP05 and AgNP01) as an antioxidant.

Table 1. Antioxidant activity of D carota L. leaf extract (DCLE) and silver nanoparticles against DPPH radical.

	DPPH scavenging activity
Compounds	IC50 (µM)	R ^2
Extract (DCLE)	2.61 ± 0.58	0.9317
AgNP05	2.79 ± 1.75	0.9585
AgNP01	2.84 ± 0.96	0.9568
Vitamin C*	1.97 ± 0.71	0.9508
Gallic acid*	0.93 ± 0.68	0.9851

Note: n = 3; Mean ± SEM; DCLE = D carota L. leaf extract; IC₅₀: Inhibitory concentration at 50%; R²: correlation coefficient; *standard antioxidants; µM: micromolar; DPPH: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; AgNP = silver nanoparticles.

Figure 7. DPPH free radical scavenging assays of D carota L. leaf extract (DCLE) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP05 and AgNP01) (n = 3); μg/ml = microgram per millilitres.

Figure 8. Antibacterial activities of D carota L. leaf extract (DCLE) and AgNPs (a), Antifungal activities of D carota L. leaf extract (DCLE) and AgNPs (b).

Table 2. Antimicrobial potential of D carota L. leaf extract (DCLE) and silver nanoparticles against bacteria and fungi pathogens.

Test Compounds (Zones of Inhibition, mm)
Strains	Extract	AgNP05	AgNP01	Ciprofloxacin	Fluconazole
Bacteria
S. aureus	9	18	20	22	–
α-H. streptococcus	8	17	21	25	–
E. coli	8	14	14	20	–
Fungi
A. niger	7	12	15	–	22
A. candideus	–	–	–	–	15
P. cephalosporin	6	13	10	–	21

Table 3. The ED₅₀ (μg/ml) of silver nanomaterials (AgNP05 and AgNP01) against brain glioblastoma cells, U87MG.

Compound	ED50 (μg/ml)
AgNP05	87.31
AgNP01	109.48
*Auranofin	–

*Cells were treated with different concentrations of test samples. The value above represents the mean ± SD of six independent experiments (n = 6); μg/ml= microgram per milliliters; * =  negative control; ED₅₀= loss in cell viability at 50%.

Figure 9. xCELLigence real-time toxicity for silver nanomaterials AgNP05 (a) and AgNP01 (b) on the U87MG cell line, at concentrations (100, 50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 0 μg/ml).