Wealth and poverty in mining Africa: migration, settlement and occupational change in Tanzania during the global mineral boom, 2002–2012

Figures & data

Figure 1. International gold price, 1970–2017 Source: Authors’ compilation of www.kitco.com data

Map 1. Surveyed mineral sites Source: drawn by Michael Shand.

Table 1. Settlement study sites in northwest Tanzania.

Settlement type/ Characteristics	Gold	Diamonds
Rush sites
Name of site	IKUZI Geita Region	MWANANGWA Mwanza Region
Mineral discovery	1980s	1940
Population*	3,907	6,054
Site origin/ description	Rush site near traditional village	Rush site near pre-colonial trade center
Mineral discovery	July 2010 rush	1979 surge, 2009 rush
Mature artisanal sites
Name of site	NYARUGUSU Geita Region	MAGANZO Shinyanga Region
Population*	24,802	11,877
Site origin/ description	Colonial village and early gold exploration	Originally labour camp for miners at Williamson mine in 1940s
Large-scale sites
Name of site	GEITA, Geita region	MWADUI Shinyanga region
Population*	100,852	9,390
Site origin & description	Founded in 1898 during German colonial rule	Established in 1940
Mineral discovery	1930 mine established, closed 1966, reopened 2000	1930s discovery – mine established in 1940

Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.

Figure 2. Artisanal mining settlement trajectory. Source: drawn by Deborah Bryceson.

Figure 3. Spatial and temporal interaction between artisanal and large-scale mining. Source: drawn by Deborah Bryceson.

Table 2. Migration and settlement patterns in overall study.

Welfare quintile groups	Poor	Below average	Average	Above average	Affluent	All
HHH’s average wealth index scores	4.8	7.1	8.5	10.2	18.1	9.8
No. of households	43	43	43	43	44	216
Native born household heads (HHH)	12%	19%	14%	12%	16%	15%
HHH migrants’ years residence in settlement	8	17	11	14	14	13
Average year of migrant HHHs’ arrival	2004	1995	2001	1998	1998	1999
No. of settlements lived in before	2.5	2.3	2.2	3.0	2.6	2.5
Female HHHs as % of total households	33%	19%	15%	7%	7%	16%
HHHs without spouse %	63%	30%	14%	13%	14%	27%
No. of household members	3.6	5.0	5.5	5.8	6.5	5.3
% of dependent members in household*	18%	22%	40%	37%	45%	28%
HHH’s average age	41.7	45.9	46.6	46.5	48.7	45.9
Senior female’s average age	34.1	35.6	38.6	35.2	41.2	36.9

Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.

*Defined as number of sons, daughters and parents of the head of household as % of total household membership.

Figure 4. Settlements’ welfare status by wealth quintiles/settlement/mineral type* (% of settlement population) Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012 * Note: gold settlements (red), diamond settlements (blue)

Figure 5. Household heads’ by main occupation & welfare quintile* (% household heads) Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.

Table 3. Household heads by welfare quintile and socio-economic characteristics.

Welfare quintiles	Poor	Below Average	Average	Above average	Affluent	Overall average
HHH’s average wealth index scores	4.8	7.1	8.5	10.2	18.1	9.8
Major regional ethnic concentration^a	58%	72%	65%	48%	49%	58%
Urban-born	16%	21%	19%	14%	27%	19%
HHH’s education index scores^b	0.9	1.0	1.3	1.4	1.9	1.3
% of household heads	20%	20%	20%	20%	20%

Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.

^a Percentage of household heads who identify as Sukuma, the region’s dominant ethnic group.

^b The weightings for the household heads’ education index are: 1 = Primary, 2 = Secondary, 3 = College and 4 = University

Figure 6. Household heads’ education level by settlement typ. Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.

Figure 7. Household heads’ education level by welfare quintiles Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.

Table 4. Household labour patterns, housing, consumption and investments by welfare quintile.

Welfare quintiles	Poor	Below average	Average	Above average	Wealthy
No. of households	44	43	43	43	43
% of HHs with:
Household head with secondary activities	53	58	60	72	65
Senior female (SF) primary activities	30	60	58	58	40
SFs engaged in farming primarily	16	42	33	37	19
Average number of household income sources	1.7	1.9	2.0	2.4	2.2
Receiving remittances (%)	0	7	2	14	12
Receiving rental income (%)	0	7	7	28	39
Land access (%)	53	88	86	83	94
Food supplied from own land	60	84	79	74	88
Food purchase as % of HH expenditure	86	78	72	69	60
Average no. of houses owned by HHH	1.0	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.4
No. of rooms in house (excl toilet, kitchen)	2.4	3.6	3.9	5.1	6.1
Average occupants/room	1.8	1.5	1.6	1.4	1.4
Household heads saving money (%)	26	21	37	35	52
No. of investments per household head	.09	.21	.44	1.39	1.43
No. of loans given minus received	-.171	-.019	.150	.370	.364
Students in household membership (%)	14	22	36	35	39

Source: UPIMA survey data, 2012.