Co-producing maintenance and repair: hybrid labor relations in water supply in Accra, Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Accra showing Nima and Dodowa, the case study locations.

Figure 2. Household selling GWCL water in Nima (March 25, 2020).

Figure 3. Private water connection in Dodowa supplied by GWCL (March 20, 2020).

Table 1. Summary of water infrastructure systems in Nima and Dodowa.

Variable	Nima	Dodowa
Typologies of water systems	authorized GWCL connections unauthorized networks Public standpipes Sachet water Neighbor’s pipe	GWCL connections Boreholes/handpumps Public standpipes Tanker operators Water sachets Shallow well
Actors in water supply	GWCL employees Entrepreneurs/vendors Users/Residence Private plumbers	GWCL employees CWSA District Assembly Entrepreneurs/vendors Water and Sanitation Management Teams Users/residents Private plumbers

Source: Authors, based on fieldwork.

Figure 4. GWCL’s officials repairing a pipeline, Accra–Agbogba junction (December 8, 2018).

Figure 5. Duty roster for night shift maintenance and repair in Accra (December 8, 2018).

Figure 6. Private plumber repairing a burst pipeline in Nima (March 10, 2020).