Opening the black box of donor influence on Digital Earth in Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Aid, policy, and outcomes (adapted from Bourguignon and Sundberg 2007).

Table 1. Resources of donors to achieve policy goals (adapted from Hood 1983).

Table 2. Examples of aid-supported cross-agency geospatial coordination projects.

Year	Country	Aid agency	Project
1993–2002	Burkina Faso	World Bank	National Program for Environment Information Management
1995–1997	Ghana	World Bank, GEF, DANIDA, DFID	Country at a glance/National Framework for Geospatial Information Management – Ghana Environmental Resource Management Project
1997–2000	Zambia	World Bank & Nordic Development Fund	Environmental Information Network and Monitoring System/Environment Support Program
1998–2001	Namibia	Finaid	Information and Communication Services for Sustainable Development
2000–2005	Tunisia	CIDA	National Geomatics Project
2000–2006	Uganda	Italian Cooperation	Karamoja Data Centre; Northern Uganda Data Centre
2002–2004	Botswana	SIDA	Project for the Establishment of National GIS
2002–2007	Somalia	UNDP, Italian Cooperation, European Comm., UNICEF	Somalia Water & Land Information Management Project (SWALIM)
2005–2008	Kenya	JICA	Project for Strengthening Survey of Kenya for GIS promotion in the Republic of Kenya
2005–2013	Tanzania	Finaid	Sustainable Management of Land and Environment in Zanzibar
2007–2010	Swaziland	JICA	Swaziland Integrated Geospatial Information System; National Development Data Center
2009–2010	Lesotho	World Bank	Lesotho Integrated Transport Program – Institutional Capacity for Database and GIS
2009–2013	Senegal	CIDA	Geospatial Strategy for Senegal
2009–2014	Rwanda	DFID	National Land Center

Table 3. Evolution of donors' tools: from old aid to new aid.

Resource	Tools in ‘old aid’	Tools in ‘new aid’
Organization	Technical assistance: ‘fly-in, fly-out’ consultants	Technical assistance: strengthening human capacity (African universities/specialists)
Authority	Old conditionality: use of geospatial technologies attached to projects Financial accountability	New conditionality: mandatory data access conditions and standards Performance accountability (managing for results)
Treasure	Project selection: aligned to donor priorities Project focus: single-agency thematic projects	Project selection: aligned to country strategy; greater consultation between donors and policy makers Project focus: cross-agency frameworks and cross-sector coordination
Nodality	N/A	Development of best-practice documents Mapping of aid flows and spatial dimension of aid Use of language of participation

Hood, C., 1983. The tools of government. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

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