Mechanisms, monitoring and modeling of shrub encroachment into grassland: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Four stages of C. microphylla Lam. encroachment into steppe in Inner Mongolia, China: (a) Stage I, (b) Stage II, (c) Stage III, and (d) Stage IV. (Photos taken by X. Cao in 2015–2016)

Figure 2. Positive feedback for shrub–grass bistable state shift at different scales (adapted from (D’Odorico et al. 2010)).

Figure 3. Shapes of C. microphylla Lam. patches at different observation scales: (a) field observation on the ground, (b) UAV image with a resolution of 0.08 m, (c) Google Earth image with a resolution of approximately 0.3 m; and (d) WorldView-2 multispectral fusion image with a resolution of 0.5 m.

D’Odorico, P., J. D. Fuentes, W. T. Pockman, S. L. Collins, Y. He, J. S. Medeiros, S. Dewekker, and M. E. Litvak. 2010. “Positive Feedback between Microclimate and Shrub Encroachment in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert.” Ecosphere 1 (6). doi:10.1890/ES10-00073.1.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar